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Geography of Rajasthan
History of Rajasthan
Polity and Administration of Rajasthan
Art and Culture of Rajasthan
RPSC RAS/RTS Mains Exam Practice/Mock/Solved/Test Papers in Both Hindi and English.
Indus Valley Civilization: The Indus Valley Civilization was an ancient civilization located in what is Pakistan and northwest India today, on the fertile flood plain of the Indus River and its vicinity. Evidence of religious practices in this area date back approximately to 5500 BCE. Farming settlements began around 4000 BCE and around 3000 BCE there appeared the first signs of urbanization. By 2600 BCE, dozens of towns and cities had been established and between 2500 and 2000 BCE the Indus Valley Civilization was at its peak. Two cities, in particular, have been excavated at the sites of Mohenjo-Daro on the lower Indus and at Harappa further upstream. The evidence suggests they had a highly developed city life; many houses had wells and bathrooms as well as an elaborate underground drainage system. The social conditions of the citizens were comparable to those in Sumeria and superior to the contemporary Babylonians and Egyptians. These cities display a well-planned urbanization system.
Kalibangan:
Located on the bank of river Ghaghhar in Hanumangarh District.
Discovered by Amlanand Ghosh in 1953.
Excavated by Brijvasilal in 1961.
Evidence of ploughed field is found.
Evidence of growing Barley and Mustard are found.
Cylindrical seal of Mesopotamia is found here.
Houses were made from Raw bricks (Kachhi Int).
The drainage system was not properly developed.
Evidence of Earthquake.
Sothi (Sothi Civilization):
It was a rural civilization.
Located in Ganganagar District.
Situated on the plain of Ghaghhar and Chautang River.
It is also called Kalibanga 1st.
Historian mentioned it as the origin place of Harappan civilization.
Other Archaeological Sites
1. Ganeshwar: It isLocated on the bank of river Kantali in Sikar District.
Ganeshwar is located near the copper mines of the Sikar-Jhunjhunu area of the Khetri copper belt in Rajasthan. The Ganeshwar-Jodhpura culture group has over 80 other sites currently identified. The period was estimated to be 2500–2000 BC. Historian Ratna Chandra Agrawal wrote that Ganeshwar was excavated in 1977. Excavations revealed copper objects including arrowheads, spearheads, fish hooks, bangles and chisels. With its microliths and other stone tools, Ganeshwar culture can be ascribed to the pre-Harappan period.
Ganeshwar saw three cultural phases: Period 1 (3800 BCE) which was characterized by hunting and gathering communities using chert tools; Period II (2800 BCE) shows the beginnings of metal work in copper and fired clay pottery; Period III (2000 BCE) featured a variety of pottery and copper goods being produced. Nearly one thousand pieces of copper were found here. Red pottery was found here with black portraiture.
2. Sunari: It islocated in Jhunjhunu district, as at other sites, the PGW culture (period I) issucceeded by Period II which is represented by unslipped ware though Black and Redand Black slipped wares of PGW period continue and a few NBP sherds are alsopresent. The important antiquities include a stone plaque bearing auspicious Buddhistsymbol, iron implements and copper objects. Period III is represented by typical potteryof the Sunga Kushana period and important finds include a seal with an inscription inBrahmi characters, terracotta animal figurines, and copper cast coins. It is situated on the bank of river Kantali in Jhunjhunu district and It is a Iron Age site.
3. Kurada
- It is in Nagaur district and also Called Town of Tools.
4. Iswaal
- Located in Udaipur district and Industrial Town (Because of Iron Mine in Ancient time)
5. Gardara
- Located in Bundi district and Rock paintings of ancient India are found.
6. Jodhpura
The Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Rajasthan, undertook excavation at Jodhpura located on Jaipur-Delhi highway. At Jodhpura Period III, represented by the PGW culture, is succeeded by periods of IV and V both Early Historic age. Period IV is marked by occurrence of NBP ware and unslipped red ware. Important finds of this period include iron arrow heads and nails, shell bangle, terracotta humped bull and stone bead. Period V is represented by Sunga Kushana pottery. The common shapes are bowl, lid cum bowl, and lipped bowl with small spouted channel. Some sherds are stamped with Triratna and Swastika symbols. Other finds of the period comprise iron implements, a terracotta ghata shaped bead, a stone bead and a copper coin.
- It is located on the bank of river Sabi in Jaipur district.
- This site is known for incised ware, Reserved Slipware, Copper Arrow heads and Celts.