RPSC RAS/RTS Prelims Exam General Studies Study Material in English. Rajasthan General Knowledge for RPSC RAS and all other competitive exams. we are providing you complete study notes/eBook here.
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Where
globalization means as it so often does that the rich and powerful now have new
means to further enrich and empower themselves at the cost of the poorer and
weaker, we have a responsibility to protect in the name of universal freedom – Nelson
Mandela
Preface
It gives me immense
pleasure in presenting the first edition of the General studies of Rajasthan, useful
for the students of Graduate and the candidates appearing in Rajasthan
Competitive Examinations conducted by RPSC and Rajasthan Subordinate Board,
Universities and Government Departments.
This book deals with the
relevant features and topics of General studies of Rajasthan in a systematic
and comprehensive manner by the use of simple and concise language for easy and
quick understanding. Varied subjects covered are Geography, History,
Art-Culture & Heritage, Polity & Administration and Economy of
Rajasthan in detailed with subject wise solved practice questions. I hope that
the readers will find this book user friendly and helpful in preparation of
their examinations. I look forwarded to have the views, comment, suggestions
and criticism from readers which would definitely help in further improvement
of the Book. I would like to heartfelt thanks to all my friends, family members,
Shri Kishan Diwliwal and the team members of Shubham Publishers and distributors
for their effort to publishing this book.
Wish you happy reading and
best wishes for the examinations.
Features of the Book:
General Studies of Rajasthan-All in One, it covered the syllabus of RPSC and University exams.
Subject wise detailed study material with practice question answer
This book covered Geography, History, Polity, Economy and Art-Culture of Rajasthan.
You can buy this book from anywhere in Rajasthan at district level or from Most of the shop in Jaipur (Rajasthan).
Very soon it will be available on Amazon, Flip-kart etc.
Myupsc.com is dedicated to preparation of Indian Administrative Services (UPSC) and Rajasthan Administrative Services (RPSC). The site intends to provide free study notes, knowledge or information related to IAS/RAS exams that can help to crack these Examinations. The Study Portal has also published its Ebooks/ PDF on various aspects & dimensions of World, India and Rajasthan. The vision of the Study Portal is to consolidate all the relevant information related to India and Rajasthan, regarding its History, Geography, Polity, Art-Culture, Heritage, Economy, Environment & Biodiversity and Current Affairs etc.
The National Water Development Agency (NWDA) under
the Union Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation
is studying the preliminary level of the feasibility of the three river
inter-linking projects in Rajasthan. The proposed links are Parwati – Kalisindh
-Chambal Link, Yamuna-Rajasthan Link Project and Rajasthan – Sabarmati Link
Project.
There‘s also a plan to divert water of Chambal to Bisalpur dam by linking its tributary, Brahmani river, to Banas river upstream of Bisalpur.
The
Great Indian Water Divide in Aravalli distributes the river water of this
region into the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. The rivers flowing in the
west and south of Aravalli ranges, including Mahi, Som, Jokham and Sabarmati
drain the water into the Arabian Sea. On the other hand, rivers flowing to the
east, including Chambal and its tributaries, join the Bay of Bengal. There are
also inland rivers like Luni and Ghaggar which drain out in the Rann of Kutch
and Thar Desert respectively.
Rivers
in Rajasthan are mostly seasonal, but this fact explains little because a river
is not just the surface flow, evident to a naked eye. All the rivers and their
floodplains in this desert state are vast grazing grounds supporting millions
of livestock. These unseen rivers also recharge the groundwater making well
irrigation possible.
Modern-day
development activities, however, are putting an enormous pressure on them. If
deforestation has reduced the water flow, rampant sand mining has affected the
water retention and seepage into subsurface channels. Aravallis also has large
number of marble mines and processing units. While digging operations
extensively damage the environment, discharge of a large amount of slurry by
processing units also blocks water channels. Industrial and domestic wastewater
has further affected the quality and biodiversity of rivers. Reduced water flow
is in turn making it easier for the encroachers to infringe upon these
riverbeds.
This
has also put most dams in the state in critical state as they are not getting
water as per their designed depend abilities. This disrupts the water resources
planning of the state and execution of contingency plan every year1.
Only
two river basins (Chambal and Mahi) are perennial. In the recent past, many
perennial rivers in these two basins became seasonal due to over-abstraction of
groundwater from the catchment area of the rivers rendering reduced water table
leading to reduced or nil base flow.
Rajasthan
connects strongly with water through its heritage of lakes, ponds, stepwalls, dug
wells and Tankas (underground tanks). Rivers thus have a limited presence in
cultural and mythological landscape and are mostly seen as means of irrigation
along their stretches. The region around Aravalis comprising south east
Rajasthan has a stronger connection with rivers than the drier north-western
and central plains. In fact, many of the forts had rivers as their natural
defence against enemy attacks.
As
per the latest estimates, the total internal surface water resources of
Rajasthan are estimated at 25.93 BCM1 (21.71 BCM at 50% dependability and 14.12
BCM at 75% dependability) of which about 16.05 BCM are considered ―economically
exploitable at 50% dependability. The state is allocated in addition, some
17.88 BCM in trans-boundary or inter-state river waters. The renewable
groundwater resource (fresh, dynamic component) is placed at 10.61 BCM per year
(10.79 BCM as of March 2009). The static reserve of fresh and saline
groundwater reserves have been reported to be 32.9 BCM and 29.7 BCM
respectively.
There
are six major river basins in the State. Banas basin which is the largest
drains out 45,833 Sq km. Luni basin, which comes next, drains out 37,363 Sq km.
Chambal Basin, drains out 31,360 Sq km; Mahi basin drains out 16,985 Sq km,
Banganga basin drains out 8,878 Sq km and Sabarmati drains out 4,164 sq km.
There are more rivers like Sahibi, Ruparel and Ghaggar which have smaller
catchment areas besides several streams which feed the bigger rivers. (Source:
Water Resources Department, Rajasthan)
Five of these rivers can be further divided into sub-basins as given below:
Luni Basin –Luni, Sukri, Redeye, Mithari,
Bandi, Khari, Jawai, Guhiya and Sagi, and Jojari.
State
of Rajasthan is located in the north-western part of the subcontinent. Pakistan
lies on its west and northwest, while it is bounded by the states of Punjab,
Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh on the north and northeast. Uttar Pradesh and Madhya
Pradesh form the east and southeast boundary and Gujarat lies on the southwest
side.
The
Aravalli range of hills and mountains, from where most rivers originate,
divides the state into two major parts, southeast and northwest. The Range does
not intercept the moisture-giving southwest monsoon winds off the Arabian Sea,
as it lies in a direction parallel to that of the coming monsoon winds, leaving
the northwestern region in a rain shadow.
This
makes western Rajasthan relatively dry and infertile; this area includes some
of the Thar Desert, also known as the Great Indian Desert. In the south-western
part of the state, the land is wetter, hilly, and more fertile.
Around
two third of the northwest is covered by sand dunes while the floodplains of
Mahi, Banas and Chambal river systems form the southeastern part.
Around
67 per cent of the state‘s area is affected due to desertification / and land
degradation where the wind erosion (44.2%) is the maximum contributor followed
by water (11.2%), vegetal degradation (6.25%) and salinization (1.07%) (ISRO,
2007).
The
Northwestern thorn scrub forests lie in a band around the Thar Desert, between
the desert and the Aravallis. These expand from Western India – Pakistan
boundary and steadily combine with the parched deciduous forests of Aravalli
hills as well as the South East plateau. These forests are found in the
districts of Pali, Jodhpur, Barmer, Jalore, Churu, Bikaner and Nagaur.
The
Aravalli Range and the lands to the east and southeast of the range are home to
the Kathiarbar-Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion, with tropical dry broadleaf
forests that include teak, Acacia, and other trees. Alwar, Bharatpur and
Dholpur districts, are enclosed with this kind of forests. Intermittent
expansion of definite species of parched deciduous forests is found beside the
arid river beds of Nagaur, Jalore, Bikaner and Ganganagar districts. The
Central Indian sub – tropical hill forests are found in Sirohi, Rajasthan,
frequently on the hills near Mount Abu. These forests have some evergreen and
partially evergreen species of trees. Mixed Miscellaneous forests are also
found in the South-Eastern and Eastern region of Rajasthan including Kota,
Chittorgarh, Sirohi, Udaipur, Dungarpur, Banswara, Jhalawar and Baran
districts.
Mukundra Hills National
Park is also known as Darrah wildlife Sanctuary. Darrah wildlife
Sanctuary is located in Rajasthan. The sanctuary is located to the southeastern
border of the town Kota.
Darrah was declared a
(Protected area) wildlife sanctuary in 1955andvisitors now
require seeking permission from the local forest ranger to visit the park. The
total area of the sanctuary is about 250 sq. km.
In past, Darrah sanctuary
was the royal hunting ground of the Maharaja of Kota. This place is located at
a distance of about 50 km from Kota. It is located on the eastern bank of
Chambal River and is drained by its tributaries.
The Darrah wildlife
sanctuary was declared as a National park (Mukundra Hills (Darrah)
National Park) in 2004. Total area of the National park is about 200 sq. km.
Mukundra Hills (Darrah) National Park is a combination of three wildlife
sanctuaries namely Darrah wildlife sanctuary, Chambal wildlife sanctuary and
Jaswant Sagar wildlife sanctuary.
The park got the nod from National
Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) in 2013 and the state (Rajasthan)
bagged its third tiger reserve in the form of the Mukundra Hills Tiger Reserve.
The name Darrah is taken
as the ‘Pass’ in the local language revealing the purpose that the
region served earlier. The Marathas, Rajput’s and the British utilized the
opportune position of the forest to seek asylum during war.
The park is situated
between two parallel mountains viz. Mukundra and Gagrola which run
across a length of about 80 km (from Murlipura to Rawatbhata). The four rivers
which form the boundary of this valley are Ramzan, Ahu, Kali and Chambal.
The densely wooded Darrah
Sanctuary is spread all over the hilly terrain. The forest of the sanctuary is
very thick and dense.
Ranthambore
National Park
Ranthambore is a beautiful
place, located in the Sawai Madhopur district of the state of Rajasthan.
Ranthambore National Park is one of the largest national parks in northern
India.
Ranthambore was (Sawai
Madhopur Game Sanctuary in 1955) declared a wildlife sanctuary in
1957andcame under the “Project Tiger “as a Tiger reserves in 1973-74. The
total area of the sanctuary is about 400 sq. km.
The Ranthambore tiger
reserve was declared as a National park in 1981. Total area of the National
park is about 282 sq. km.
Ranthambore was a hunting
reserve of the Maharajas of Jaipur, the park at Ranthambore was once the
scene of royal hunting parties in the past.
Ranthambore National Park
is famous for its tigers and is one of the best places in the country to see
these majestic tigers.
Ranthambore National Park is set between
the Aravalli and Vindhya ranges. Located at the junction of the Aravalli
and Vindhya hill range.
It
spreads over a highly undulating topography varying from the gentle to the
steep slopes; from flat topped hills of the Vindhayas to the conical hillocks
and the sharp ridges of the Aravallis.
An important geological feature the ‘Great
Boundary Fault’ where the Vindhayas plateaus meet the Aravalli hill ranges.
The Rivers Chambal in the
South and the Banas in the North bound the National Park. Pure stands of the
Dhok interspersed with open grasslands of the plateaus, six large lakes – Gilai
Sagar, Mansarovar, Malik talao, Raj Bagh and Padam Talao with in the
National Park.
The rugged park terrain
alternates between dry deciduous forest, open grassy meadow, dotted by
several lakes and rivers that are only made passable by rough roads built and
maintained by the Forest Service.
There are many water
bodies located all over the park, which provide perfect relief during the
extremely hot summer months for the forest inhabitants.
A huge fort, after which
the park is named, towers over the park atop a hill. There are many ruins of
bygone eras scattered all over the jungle, which give it aunique,
wonderful and mixed flavour of nature, history and wildlife.
Tigers at Ranthambore
National park have been known to even hunt in full view of human visitors.
These tigers are famous for being seen in the daytime too, due to their lack of
fear of human presence in vehicles. This lack of fear of humans is excellent
for tourists, as they get to see the tigers often.
Desert
National Park
Desert National Park is a
beautiful place located in the Jaisalmer district of the state of Rajasthan. Desert
National Park is one of the largest national parks in India. The Desert
National Park is also a protected sanctuary.
The Desert protected
sanctuary was declared as a National park in 1980. Total area of the National
park is about 3162 km2. The desert is a harsh place to sustain life and thus
most of the fauna and flora live on the edge.
The great Indian Bustard
is a magnificent bird and can be seen in considerably good numbers in this
park. It migrates locally in different seasons. The region is a heaven for
migratory and resident birds of the desert.
Desert National park harbours a wide
array of flora and fauna species.
It is only place where Rajasthan State
Bird (Great Indian Bustard), State animal (Camel) and State tree (Khejri) and
State flower (Rohida) are found naturally.
It also has fossil evidences dating
back to the Jurassic Period indicating hot and humid climate characterized by
dense forests. 180 million years old fossils of animals and plants are
preserved at Wood Fossil Park at Akal, situated 17 km away from
Jaisalmer.
The Desert National Park is a unique
and fragile ecosystem. More than 60 per cent of it is simply semi-arid
desert.
The seemingly barren lands gradually
dissolve at the horizon touching Pakistan.
But the warm sands of the Desert
National Park beyond Jaisalmer form a fertile micro broth hiding an astounding
variety of animals and birds.
Desert National Park is an excellent
example of the desert ecosystem.
The landform primarily comprises rocks
and compact salt lake bottoms, intermedial areas and fixed dunes.
The topography of Desert National Park
supports sandy, gravelly, rocky and compact salt lake bottoms. Sandy areas
dominate the western parts of Jaisalmer district, while gravelly and rocky
areas are scattered throughout central, southern and eastern areas.
The
Desert National Park is barren with several sand dunes and a
few hills in the north-western region. The Park forms a vast sandy and
undulating terrain.
Dominant
fauna
Birds –
Great Indian Bustard, Falcons, Eagles, Vultures, Bee-Eaters, Shrikes, Larks,
Demoiselle Crane, Macqueen’s Bustard, Sand grouse, Long-Legged, Honey Buzzards,
chats, babblers, kites etc.
Reptiles –
Russell’s viper, Saw Scaled Viper, Monitor Lizard, Spiny tailed lizard, Saw
scaled viper, Common Krait, Spiny Tailed Lizard, Gecko, Persian Gecko etc.
Keoladeo Ghana National Park
Detail:
Bird Sanctuary-1971
National Park-1981
Ramsar site Oct-1981
World Heritage Site-1985
Reserve forest
Keoladeo Ghana National
Park is also known as Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary or Keoladeo Ghana Bird
Sanctuary. Keoladeo Ghana National Park is located in the Bharatpur district of
the state of Rajasthan.
Keoladeo Ghana National
Park famous for housing of birds and was created around 250 years ago. The name
Keoladeo has been derived from a nearby ancient Hindu temple, devoted to
Lord Shiva (Maharaja Suraj Mal).
Keoladeo Ghana National Park also famous
migrant species of birds, including the Common, Demoiselle and the rare
Siberian Cranes.
Keoladeo was declared a Bird Sanctuary
in 1971. The Keoladeo bird sanctuary was declared as a National park in
1981.
Total area
of the National park is about 28.7 sq. km.
Keoladeo Ghana National Park was announced
as a Ramsar site under the Wetland Convention in October 1981.
Keoladeo was designated a World Heritage
Site under the world Heritage Convention in 1985 by UNESCO.
It
is a Reserve forest under the Rajasthan Forest Act, 1953 and therefore,
is the property of the State of Rajasthan of the Indian Union.
The park was a hunting ground for the
maharaja of Bharatpur, who turned his personal hunting domain into a bird
sanctuary in 1956.
Maharaja of Bharatpur setting up the
sanctuary, building a dam and an artificial lake to store the rains that would
fall in torrents during the monsoons.
Duck shoots were organized yearly in honor
of the British viceroys. In one shoot alone in 1938, about 4,250 birds were
killed by Lord Linlithgow. The last big shoot was held in 1964 but the
Maharajah retained shooting rights until 1972.
Grazing
of village cattle was banned in this area in 1982, which led to clashes between
government and local farmers.
Sariska National Park
Detail:
Wildlife Reserve-1955
Wildlife Sanctuary-1958
(1979) Sariska Tiger Reserve
National Park-1982
Sariska is a beautiful place, located in
the Alwar district of the state of Rajasthan.
The area of Sariska, being a part of the
Aravalli Range.
Sariska was declared a wildlife Reserve
in 1955.
The reserve was declared a wildlife
sanctuary in 1958 and came under the “Project Tiger” as a Sariska
tiger reserve in 1979.
The total area of the sanctuary is about
800 sq. km.
The Sariska tiger reserve was
declared as a National park in 1982. Total area of the National park is about
273.8 sq. km.
The landscape of Sariska comprises of hills
and narrow valleys of the Aravalli hill range.
The topography of Sariska supports
scrub-thorn arid forests, rocky landscapes, tropical forest, grasslands, dry
deciduous forests, rocks and hilly cliffs.
The area of Sariska is rich in mineral
resources, such as copper.
Supreme
Court of India ban on mining in the area of Sariska National park, in
1991.
Sariska is the first tiger reserve in the
world to have successfully relocated tigers.
Sariska was a hunting reserve for royal families in past. Its plentiful tiger population supported by large herds of Sambhar and Nilgai was the ideal place for the royals of the state as well as their visiting guests to go on shikaars. The broad range of wildlife here is a wonderful example of ecological adoption and tolerance, for the climate here is variable as well as erratic.
It gives me immense pleasure in presenting the Geography of Rajasthan book, useful for the students of Graduate and the candidates appearing in Rajasthan Competitive Examinations conducted by RPSC and Rajasthan Subordinate Board, Universities and Government Departments.
This book deals with the relevant features and topics of geographical landscape of Rajasthan in a systematic and comprehensive manner by the use of simple and concise language for easy and quick understanding. Varied topics covered are Physiography, climate, soil, livestock, minerals, Agriculture, transportation, Census, wildlife, drainage and other important topics by latest available data/diagrams. I hope that the readers will find this book user friendly and helpful in preparation of their examinations. I look forwarded to have the views, comment, suggestions and criticism from readers which would definitely help in further improvement of the Book.
Wish you happy reading and best wishes for the examinations.
(1)Rivers that drain in the Bay of Bengal: Chambal River, Parwati- Kalisindh-Chambal link, Banas River, Banas River Basin, Kali Sindh River, Parvati River, Berach River, Mez River, Vapani (Bahyani) River, Gambhiri River, Banganga River (2) Rivers that drain into the Arabian Sea: Luni River, Mahi River, Sabarmati River (3) Inland Rivers: Inland River/Drainage, Kantali River, Sota Sabi River, Kakani or Kakneya River, Ghaghar River (4)Other Rivers: Khari River, Dai River, Dheel River, Morel River, Kalisil River, Sarasvati and Drishadvati: Ancient Indian River
(1) Salt Water Lakes: Sambhar Lake, Didwana, Pachpadra, Lunkaransar Lake (2)Fresh (Sweet) Water Lake:Jaisamand , Rajsamand , Pichhola, Fateh Sagar , Anasagar , Pushkar Lake, Siliserh Lake, NLCP in Rajasthan
Major Irrigation Projects: Chambal Project, Mahi Bajaj Sagar Project, Bhakra Nangal Canal Project, Narmada Project, Bilasalpur Project (1986-87), Indira Gandhi Canal Project, Irrigation system of Rajasthan, Sources of Irrigation: Wells and Tube wells, Tank Irrigation, Canal Irrigation, electric pumps, Persian Wheel
Rajasthan crop seasons-Rabi, Kharif, Pearl millet, technological interventions, Chickpea, Guar, Rapeseed-mustard, Groundnut, Fodder, Aonla, Ber
7. Mineral resources
(1) Metallic Minerals – Types, Distribution and Industrial uses and their Conservation
(2) Non-Metallic Minerals – Types, Distribution and Industrial uses and their Conservation (3) Other Minerals
8. Energy Resources
Classification of Power Resources, Conventional: Thermal (Coal, Oil & Gas), Hydro, Atomic, Non-Conventional: Solar, Wind, Biogas, Biomass, Tidal, Geo-thermal, Distribution of major power resources of Rajasthan, Hydrocarbon Basin, power plants and major projects, schemes, Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy.
9. Population and Tribes
Rajasthan Population -2011, Religious Data, Urban Population, Metropolitan/City Population, Population density, District-wise Population Data, Scheduled Caste population by sex and residence, Sex Ratio among Scheduled Castes, Percentage of Scheduled Castes, Tribe population, Percentage of Scheduled Tribes, Population Glossary, Tribes in Rajasthan: Bhil, Bheel, Garasia, Dholi Bhil, Dungri Bhil, Dungri Garasia, Mewasi Bhil, Rawal Bhil, Tadvi Bhil, Bhagalia, Bhilala, Pawra, Vasava, Vasave, Mina, Meena, Bhil Mina, Customs and ornaments, Food of Bhils, Social life and tradition, Art and culture, Garasia tribe, Customs and ornaments, Social life and tradition, Meena/Mina Tribes, Sahariya tribes, Programmes for development of Tribes, Manikya lal verma Research institute, Banvasi Kalyan Parishad, Tribal Sub-Plan Area Scheme, IRDP, Modified Area Development Programme, Some other Programmes for tribe’s development:
Wildlife traditionally
refers to undomesticated animal species but has come to include all organisms
that grow or live wild in an area without being introduced by humans. Wildlife
can be found in all ecosystems.
Sanctuary is an area which
is of adequate ecological, faunal, floral, geomorphological, natural or
zoological significance. The Sanctuary is declared for the purpose of
protecting, propagating or developing wildlife or its environment. Certain
rights of people living inside the Sanctuary could be permitted. Further,
during the settlement of claims before finally notifying the Sanctuary, the
Collector may in consultation with the Chief Wildlife Warden and allow the
continuation of any right of any person in or over any land within the limits
of the Sanctuary.
A sanctuary is a protected
area
which is reserved for the conservation of only animal and human activities like
harvesting of timber, collecting minor forest products and private ownership
rights are allowed as long as they do not interfere with well-being of animals.
Boundaries of sanctuaries are not well defined and controlled biotic
interference is permitted.
Definition of Wildlife
Sanctuary: Wildlife Sanctuary as the name suggests, is
the place that is reserved exclusively for the use of wildlife, which includes
animals, reptiles, insects, birds etc. Otherwise called as wildlife refuges it
provides habitat and safe & healthy living conditions to the wild animals
especially to the endangered and rare ones so that they can live peacefully for
their entire life and maintain their viable population.
For proper management of
the sanctuary the rangers or guards are appointed to patrol the region. They
ensure the safety of animals from poaching, predating or harassing.
International Union of Conservation of
Nature, shortly called as IUCN has grouped wildlife
sanctuaries in Category IV of protected areas.
The International Union
for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is a membership Union uniquely composed of
both government and civil society organisations. It provides public, private
and non-governmental organisations with the knowledge and tools that enable
human progress, economic development and nature conservation to take place
together.
Created in 1948, IUCN has
evolved into the world’s largest and most diverse environmental network.
Definition
of National Park: National Park implies an area that is
exclusively designated by the government for the conservation of wildlife and
biodiversity due to its natural, cultural and historical significance. It is
home to millions of animals, birds, insects, microorganisms, etc. of different
genes and species, which provides a healthy and safe environment to them.
National Parks, not only
conserve wildlife, but it also provides an amusement of the environmental and
scenic heritage, in a way and by those means that does not cause harm to it, so
as to provide enjoyment to the future generations. The plantation, cultivation,
grazing, hunting and predating of animals, destruction of flowers are highly
prohibited.
Key
Differences between Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park:
The points given below
explain the difference between wildlife sanctuary and national park:
Wildlife sanctuary can be understood as the
regions where wildlife and their habitat are protected from any disturbance.
Conversely, a National park is the area of countryside, which is specifically
designated for wildlife, where they can live freely and use the natural
resources.
Wildlife Sanctuaries are famous for the
conservation of wildlife, which includes animals, insects, microorganisms,
birds, etc. of different genes and species. On the other hand, National Parks
are highly known preserving the flora, fauna, landscape and historical objects.
Wildlife Sanctuaries aims at ensuring that
a substantial population of the wildlife and their habitats are maintained. As
against, National Parks safeguards the environmental, scenic and cultural
heritage of the region.
When it comes to restrictions, national
parks are highly restricted areas, which are not open to all the people,
whereas wildlife sanctuaries have lesser restrictions than national parks.
To visit national parks, official
permission is to be taken from the requisite authorities. In contrast, no
official permission is to be taken to visit a wildlife sanctuary.
Boundaries of wildlife sanctuaries are not
sacrosanct. However, the national parks have clearly marked boundaries.
Human activities are allowed to a limited
extent in the wildlife sanctuaries but in case of national parks, they are
strictly prohibited by the authorities.
Difference between
Wildlife Sanctuary, Biosphere Reserves and National Park
Wildlife Sanctuary: It
is a consecrated place where sacred species are kept. It is not open for
general public, unlike zoo. In other words, it tries not to allow any activity
that would place the animals in an unduly stressful situation. India has 543
wildlife sanctuaries.
Characteristics of
Wildlife Sanctuary
1. It is natural area
which is reserve by a governmental or private agency for the protection of
particular species.
2. Area is designated for
the protection of wild animals.
3. Only animals are
conserved, Could be private property also, outside activities allowed
4. It came under the
category called “Protected Areas”. The Protected Areas are declared
under Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
5. International Union for
Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has defined its Category IV type of protected
areas.
National
Parks: It is a home to many species of birds and
animals which is established by central and state government for the conservation.
Characteristics of
National Park
1. Reserve area of land,
owned by the government.
2. Area is protected from
human exploitation, industrialization and pollution.
3. There is no cutting or
Grazing allowed and no any Outside Species Allowed
4. It came under the
category called “Protected Areas”. The Protected Areas are declared
under Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
5. Conservation of ‘wild
nature’ for posterity and as a symbol of national pride.
6. International Union for
Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and its World Commission on Protected Areas has
defined its Category II type of protected areas.
Biosphere Reserve: The
International Co-ordinating Council (ICC) of UNESCO designated of ‘Biosphere
reserve’ for natural areas from November, 1971.
Characteristics of
Biosphere Reserve:
1. Notified areas which
cover a larger area of land which may cover multiple National Parks,
Sanctuaries and reserves as well.
2. Areas are meant for
conservation of biodiversity of a specific area.
3. Three areas: Core,
Buffer & Marginal. No outside Species allowed Conservation & research
purpose.
4. It is internationally
recognized within the framework of UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere (MAB)
programme and nominated by national governments.
5. The Ministry of
Environment and Forest provides financial assistance to the respective State
governments for conservation of landscape and biological diversity and cultural
heritage.
Wildlife Sanctuary of Rajasthan
S.No.
Wildlife Sanctuary (WLS)
Established Year
Area (In km²)
1
Bandh
Baratha WLS
1985
199.5
2
Bassi
WLS
1988
138.69
3
Bhensrodgarh
WLS
1983
229.14
4
Darrah
WLS
1955
80.75
5
Jaisamand
WLS
1955
52
6
Jamwa
Ramgarh WLS
1982
300
7
Jawahar
Sagar WLS
1975
153.41
8
Kailadevi
WLS
1983
676.38
9
Kesarbagh
WLS
1955
14.76
10
Kumbhalgarh
WLS
1971
608.58
11
Mount
Abu WLS
1960
112.98
12
Nahargarh
WLS
1980
50
13
National
Chambal WLS
1979
274.75
14
Phulwari
Ki Nal WLS
1983
692.68
15
Ramgarh
Vishdhari WLS
1982
252.79
16
Ramsagar
WLS
1955
34.4
17
Sajjangarh
WLS
1987
5.19
18
Sariska
WLS
1955
219
19
Sawaimadhopur
WLS
1955
131.3
20
Sawai
Man Singh WLS
1984
103.25
21
Shergarh
WLS
1983
98.71
22
Sitamata
WLS
1979
422.94
23
Tal
Chhapper WLS
1971
7.19
24
Todgarh
Raoli WLS
1983
495.27
25
Van
Vihar WLS
1955
25.6
Source – Wildlife
Institute of India
Main
wildlife found in Protected Areas
Protected Area
Main Wild Life
DamDamp-baretha
Resident and migratory Birds
Sariska
Tiger, Panther, Chital, Sambhar,
Porcupine
Sariska ‘A’
Sambhar, Chital, Panther
Desert National Park
Chinkara, Desert Cat, Fox, Great Indian
Bustard
Ramgarh- Vishdhari
Panther, hyena, Sloth Bear, jackal, Fox,
Chital
Kesar Bagh
Wolf, hyena, Fox, Chital
Ram Sagar
Wolf, hyena, Fox, Chital
Van Vihar
Bear, Wolf, Chital, hyena, Fox, Wild Cat
Keoladevi
Panther, Chital, Chinkara, Sambhar, Bear,
hyena, Wild Boar, Wolf
Panther, Sloth Bear, Hyena, wild boar,
Four Horned antelope, Sambhar
Mount Abu
Panther, Bear, Hyena, Wolf, Porcupine
Sawai Man Singh
Tiger, Panther, Hyena, Fox, Bear, Chital,
Sambhar
It gives me immense pleasure in presenting the Geography of Rajasthan book, useful for the students of Graduate and the candidates appearing in Rajasthan Competitive Examinations conducted by RPSC and Rajasthan Subordinate Board, Universities and Government Departments.
This book deals with the relevant features and topics of geographical landscape of Rajasthan in a systematic and comprehensive manner by the use of simple and concise language for easy and quick understanding. Varied topics covered are Physiography, climate, soil, livestock, minerals, Agriculture, transportation, Census, wildlife, drainage and other important topics by latest available data/diagrams. I hope that the readers will find this book user friendly and helpful in preparation of their examinations. I look forwarded to have the views, comment, suggestions and criticism from readers which would definitely help in further improvement of the Book.
Wish you happy reading and best wishes for the examinations.
(1)Rivers that drain in the Bay of Bengal: Chambal River, Parwati- Kalisindh-Chambal link, Banas River, Banas River Basin, Kali Sindh River, Parvati River, Berach River, Mez River, Vapani (Bahyani) River, Gambhiri River, Banganga River (2) Rivers that drain into the Arabian Sea: Luni River, Mahi River, Sabarmati River (3) Inland Rivers: Inland River/Drainage, Kantali River, Sota Sabi River, Kakani or Kakneya River, Ghaghar River (4)Other Rivers: Khari River, Dai River, Dheel River, Morel River, Kalisil River, Sarasvati and Drishadvati: Ancient Indian River
(1) Salt Water Lakes: Sambhar Lake, Didwana, Pachpadra, Lunkaransar Lake (2)Fresh (Sweet) Water Lake:Jaisamand , Rajsamand , Pichhola, Fateh Sagar , Anasagar , Pushkar Lake, Siliserh Lake, NLCP in Rajasthan
Major Irrigation Projects: Chambal Project, Mahi Bajaj Sagar Project, Bhakra Nangal Canal Project, Narmada Project, Bilasalpur Project (1986-87), Indira Gandhi Canal Project, Irrigation system of Rajasthan, Sources of Irrigation: Wells and Tube wells, Tank Irrigation, Canal Irrigation, electric pumps, Persian Wheel
Rajasthan crop seasons-Rabi, Kharif, Pearl millet, technological interventions, Chickpea, Guar, Rapeseed-mustard, Groundnut, Fodder, Aonla, Ber
7. Mineral resources
(1) Metallic Minerals – Types, Distribution and Industrial uses and their Conservation
(2) Non-Metallic Minerals – Types, Distribution and Industrial uses and their Conservation (3) Other Minerals
8. Energy Resources
Classification of Power Resources, Conventional: Thermal (Coal, Oil & Gas), Hydro, Atomic, Non-Conventional: Solar, Wind, Biogas, Biomass, Tidal, Geo-thermal, Distribution of major power resources of Rajasthan, Hydrocarbon Basin, power plants and major projects, schemes, Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy.
9. Population and Tribes
Rajasthan Population -2011, Religious Data, Urban Population, Metropolitan/City Population, Population density, District-wise Population Data, Scheduled Caste population by sex and residence, Sex Ratio among Scheduled Castes, Percentage of Scheduled Castes, Tribe population, Percentage of Scheduled Tribes, Population Glossary, Tribes in Rajasthan: Bhil, Bheel, Garasia, Dholi Bhil, Dungri Bhil, Dungri Garasia, Mewasi Bhil, Rawal Bhil, Tadvi Bhil, Bhagalia, Bhilala, Pawra, Vasava, Vasave, Mina, Meena, Bhil Mina, Customs and ornaments, Food of Bhils, Social life and tradition, Art and culture, Garasia tribe, Customs and ornaments, Social life and tradition, Meena/Mina Tribes, Sahariya tribes, Programmes for development of Tribes, Manikya lal verma Research institute, Banvasi Kalyan Parishad, Tribal Sub-Plan Area Scheme, IRDP, Modified Area Development Programme, Some other Programmes for tribe’s development:
Sirohi district of
Rajasthan. The breed also extends to Palanpur in Gujarat.
2.
Marwari
Marwar region of
Rajasthan, comprising Jodhpur, Pali, Nagaur, Bikaner, Jalore,
Jaisalmer and Barmer
districts. The breed also extends into certain areas of Gujarat, especially
Mehsana district.
3.
Jhakrana
Jhakrana and a few
surrounding villages near Behror, in the Alwar district of Rajasthan.
4.
Barbary
Etah, Agra and Aligarh
districts of Uttar Pradesh and Bharatpur district of
Rajasthan.
This breed is otherwise
known as Bhadawari, Desan, Gujarati, Kathiawari, Sorthi and Surati.
Originated in Gir forests of
South Kathiawar in Gujarat also found in Maharashtra and adjacent Rajasthan.
Basic colours of skin are
white with dark red or chocolate-brown patches or sometimes black or purely
red.
Horns are peculiarly curved,
giving a ‘half moon’ appearance.
Milk yield ranges from
1200-1800 kgs per lactation.
Age at first calving 45-54
months and inter calving period from 515 to 600 days.
This is known for its
hardiness and disease resistance.
2. Sahiwal
Originated in Montgomery
region of undivided India.
This breed otherwise known
as Lola (loose skin), Lambi Bar, Montgomery, Multani and Teli.
The best indigenous dairy
breed.
The colour is reddish dun or
pale red, sometimes flashed with white patches.
Heavy breed with symmetrical
body having loose skin.
The average milk yield of
this breed is between 1400 and 2500 kg per lactation.
Age at first calving ranges
from 37 to 48 months and the calving interval is 430 to 580 days.
3. Tharparkar
Originated in Tharparkar
district (Pakistan) of undivided India and also found in Rajasthan.
Otherwise known as White
Sindhi, Gray Sindhi and Thari.
They are medium sized,
compact and have lyre-shaped horn and Body colour is white or light grey.
The bullocks are quite
suitable for ploughing and casting and the cows yield 1800 to 2600 kg of milk
per lactation.
Age at first calving ranges
from 38 to 42 months and inter calving period from 430 to 460 days.
4. Hariana
• It was originated from Rohtak, Hisar, Jind and
Gurgaon districts of Haryana and also popular in Punjab, UP and parts of MP.
• Horns are small and the bullocks are powerful
work animals.
• Hariana cows are fair Milkers yielding 600 to
800 kg of milk in lactation.
• The age at first calving is 40 to 60 months
and calving interval is 480 to 630 days.
5. Kankrej
It is otherwise called as
Wadad or Waged, Wadhiar.
Originated from Southeast
Rann of Kutch of Gujarat and adjoining Rajasthan (Barmer and Jodhpur district).
The horns are lyre-shaped.
Colour of the animal varies
from silver-grey to iron-grey or steel black.
The gait of Kankrej is
peculiar called as 1 ¼ paces (sawai chal).
Kankrej is valued for fast,
powerful, draught cattle.
Useful in ploughing and
carting.
The cows are good milkers,
yielding about 1400 kg per lactation.
6. Rathi
Mostly found in Lunkaransar Tehsil
of Bikaner and Ganganagar & Hanumangarh district of Rajasthan and also
found in Fazilka & Abhor district of Punjab, adjoining to Rajasthan.
Usually brown with white
patches all over the body but animals having complete brown or black with white
patches are often encountered.
Horn: Short and generally do
not exceed 3-4 inches
Forehead: Medium size &
lean
Ear- Medium size
Body- Medium size &
symmetrical
7. Malvi
Mostly found in Malwa area
of Madhya Pradesh and Jhalawar districts of Rajasthan.
Type: Draught and the Colour
–White, Males: Grey dark in neck, shoulders, hump quarters, Head: Short, dished
forehead.
Horns: Strong pointed emerge
from outer angles from poll.
Tail: Switch is black.
8. Nagauri
Mostly found in Nagaur
districts of Rajasthan.
Type –Draught and the Colour
– White, light Grey.
Eyes-White eyelids, heavy
and over hanging
Horns-Black, emerging from
outer angles.
Ears-Medium size, inside is
pinkish.
9. Murrah
Most important breed of
buffaloes whose home is Rohtak, Hisar and Sind of Haryana, Nabha and Patiala
districts of Punjab and southern parts
of Delhi state. It is also called as Delhi, Kundi and Kali.
The colour is usually jet
black with white markings on tail and face and extremities sometimes found.
Tightly curved horn is an
important character of this breed.
Most efficient milk and
butter fat producers in India.
Butter fat content is 7.83%.
Average lactation yield is varying from 1500 to 2500 kgs per lactation and also
used for the grading up of inferior local buffaloes.
10. Surti
It is also known as Deccani,
Gujarati, Talabda, Charator and Nadiadi.
The breeding tract of this
breed is Kaira and Baroda district of Gujarat. Coat colour varies from rusty
brown to silver-grey.
The horns are sickle shaped,
moderately long and flat.
The peculiarity of the breed
is two white collars, one round the jaw and the other at the brisket region.
The milk yield ranges from
1000 to 1300 kgs per lactation and the peculiarity of this breed is very high
fat percentage in milk (8-12 %).
The line dividing the
Sandy Arid Plains and the Semi-Arid Transitional Plain is climatic, i.e. 25cm
isohyets. The western-most belt which is ‘The Great Desert’ is covered
by sand dunes which stretch from the Great Rann along the Pakistan border to
Punjab. The degree and extent of sand dunes greatly influence the economic
activity in this area. 63 per cent sand dune area of Rajasthan is
concentrated in the desert districts of Barmer, Jaisalmer and Bikaner.
Gullying has given rise to conglomerate
landscape. Its eastern part is covered with superficial sand deposits.
Towards north lies the Shekhawati
tract which is semi arid transitional plain characterized by inland
drainage & stream with salt lakes. Ghaggar Plain lies in extreme north.
Semi-Arid Transitional Plain or Rajasthan
Bagar divided into:
1.
Luni Basin
2.
Shekhawati Region
3.
Ghaggar Plain
4.
Nagauri Upland
1. Luni Basin: This
area is locally known as Naid and is one of best alluvial plains and
flood occurs during the rainy season in Luni river.
The Luni River originates
from western slopes of Naga Hills of Aravalli Range near Ana sagar lake,
Ajmer. Barmer, Jalore, Jodhpur and Nagaur districts are part of this basin and the
total Area is 34866 .4 Sq. Km.
Basin is drained by the
Luni River & its tributaries Bandi, Saagi, etc. Covers the area from its
source to Tilwara in Barmer where Sukari River meets it.
2. Shekhawati Region: Aravalli
hills runs through this region from south to north, cutting into almost two
halves and Churu, Sikar, Jhunjhunu & Nagaur districts are part of this
region; the main occupation of this region is live stock, Milk production
& dairy.
Topography of the
Shekhawati tracts is characterized by an undulating sandy terrain traversed by
longitudinal sand dunes. Kantli is the only seasonal river.
3. Ghaggar Plain:
Hanumangarh & Sriganganagar districts are part of this plain. There is no
stream or river except Ghaggar Nali which flows through the ancient bed of
Ghaggar river which is now extinct; this region is known as Ghaggar Plain.
This plain is a sandy plain interspersed with sand-dunes &small sand-hills.
A large part of it is dreary & full of sand dunes. Northern part of this
region is fully canalled & thus is made productive. Sand ridge dunes
are found on the bank of ancient rivers height of sand ridge dunes-6 m to 30
m.
4. Nagauri Upland: Average height of this region from sea level is 300 m to 500 meter and the rainfall in this region is 25 cm in west to 50 cm in east. This region is full of sand hills & low depressions and the temperature being High, the evaporation of the saline flood water results in the deposits of the Salt & Soda in the depression.
Rajasthan is bisected by
Aravali range into two major parts: Southeast Rajasthan and Northwest
Rajasthan. The northwest consists of a series of sand dunes covers nearly
two-thirds of the area. Aravali range is approximately 692 Kms long
which is running across Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana and Delhi.
The Aravali Mountain in Rajasthan is divided into following Ranges:
What is Mountain?
Mountains are landforms
that stick up high above the surrounding land. Mountains are much taller than
hills, mountains can often be found together in groups or mountain ranges.
Mountains are prominent
landforms that have significant heights above sea level and/or the surrounding
land. They are steeper than hills. A mountain or mountain range usually has a
peak, which is a pointed top. Mountains have different climates than land at
sea level and nearby flat land.
The literal meaning of
Aravalli Range is ‘line of peaks’. It is the oldest fold mountain ranges
in the world which stretching about 300 miles from the northeast to the
southwest which extends from Delhi to Ahmadabad. Guru Shikhar is the highest
point which is located in Mount Abu. The Aravalli range is very rich in natural
resources and gave rise of numerous peninsula rivers like Banas, Luni and
Sabarmati. This region is also famous for heavily forested consisting of large
areas of sand and stone and of masses of rose-coloured quartzite.
1. North-Eastern Aravalli
Range
This range is also known as Alwar hill
range.
In North-Eastern Aravalli Range all the
hill ranges are eroded.
It stretches from delhi to isolated hills
of Alwar & Jaipur.
Average elevation of this range is approx.
300-670 meters.
Towards north & east it merges with
Ganga-Yamuna plains.
Torawati hills, Malkhet & Khetri Group
of hills are also part of north eastern Aravali range.
Important Peaks of North-Eastern Aravalli
Region:
Peak Name
District
Height (meters)
Raghunathgarh
Sikar
1055
Khoh
Jaipur
920
Bhairach
Alwar
792
Barwara
Jaipur
786
Babai
Jhunjhunu
780
Bilali
Alwar
775
Manoharpur
Jaipur
747
Baraith
Jaipur
704
Sariska
Alwar
677
2. Central Aravali Range
The Average height of
Central Aravali Range is 700 meter but in the valley it is approx 550m. Four
famous ghats of this range are Bar, Pakheria, Shivpur and sura ghat.
Shekhawati lower hills and Marwar hills are part of Central Aravali range.
It includes districts of
Ajmer, south-western Tonk and Jaipur Surrounded:-
(1) North by Alwar hills
(2) East by Karauli table-land
(3) South by Banas plains and
(4) West by Sambhar basin
Important Peaks of Central
Aravalli Region
Peaks
District
Height (m)
Goramji
Ajmer
934
Taragarh
Ajmer
870
Naag Pahar
Ajmer
795
3. Southern Aravali Range
The southern Aravali
expansion of hill ranges: 100km width and the average height is 1000meter. Granite
and Aravali quartzite also found in this range and it formed 8-10 hill
ranges are in parallel. The Southern Aravali range includes district of
Banswara, Udaipur, Sirohi, Dungarpur & South-eastern margin of Pali
district.
Physiographically it is a
dominant part of Aravallis which falls in Mewar. The general altitude of the
region is above 650 metre and it extends longitudinally from Bhim tehsil in the
north to the Dungarpur tehsil in the south. The region separates Marwar in the
west from the Mewar in the east, extending along the western border of Udaipur
district. The Aravalli within Mewar appears like a triangular shaped land form,
having greates width as well as height in the south. Thus the whole western
portion of the Mewar is part of Aravalli and widely known as south Aravalli
region.
The term “geography” comes from the ancient Greeks. In Greek, geo means earth and graphy means to write. Greeks developed an understanding of where their homeland was located in relation to other places and how people and environments were distributed by using geography.
Geography is the study of places and the relationships
between people and their environments. Geographers explore both the physical
properties of Earth’s surface and the human societies spread across it. They
also examine how human culture interacts with the natural environment and the
way those locations and places can have an impact on people. Geography seeks to
understand where things are found, why they are there and how they develop and
change over the time.
The natural resources of a country are of primary
importance for the economic development. As a matter of fact, natural resources
determine the economic life of a nation.
Man may grow rich in knowledge and intelligence,
however much he may have overcome nature but ultimately he will have to depend on
the materials supplied by Mother Nature for the development of his economic
life.
The physical factors like topography, soils, geologic formation, climate and the available flora and fauna are the basic influences which lead to differences in land-use, cropping pattern, settlement and density of population and occurrence of minerals, water and power resources in different parts of the country.
Geography also became an important part of other
academic disciplines, such as chemistry, economics and philosophy. In fact
every academic subject has some geographic connection and the study where
certain chemical elements such as gold or silver can be found. Economists
examine which nations trade with other nations and what resources are
exchanged.
Some people have trouble to understanding the complete scope of the discipline of geography because unlike most other disciplines, geography is not defined by one particular topic. The geography is concerned with many different topics—people, culture, politics, settlements, plants, land forms and much more.
What distinguishes geography is that, it approaches the
study of diverse topics in a particular way. Geography asks spatial
questions—how and why things are distributed or arranged in particular ways on
Earth’s surface. It looks at these different distributions and arrangements at
many different scales. It also asks questions about how the interaction of
different human and natural activities on earth’s surface shape the
characteristics of the world in which we live.
Geography seeks to understand where things are found
and why they are present in those places; how things that are located in the
same or distant places influence one another over time; and why places and the
people who live in them develop and change in particular ways. Raising these
questions is at the heart of the “geographical perspective.”
The study of geography is so broad; the discipline is
typically divided into specialties. At the broadest level, geography is divided
into physical geography, human geography, geographic techniques and regional
geography.
The natural environment is the primary concern of physical geographers, although many physical geographers also look at how humans have altered natural systems. Physical geographers study Earth’s seasons, climate, atmosphere, soil, streams, landforms and oceans. Some disciplines within physical geography include geomorphology, glaciology, Pedology, hydrology, climatology, biogeography and oceanography.
Geomorphology is the study of landforms and the processes that shape them. Geomorphologists investigate the nature and impact of wind, ice, rivers, erosion, earthquakes, volcanoes, living things, and other forces that shape and change the surface of the Earth.
Glaciologists focus on the Earth’s ice fields and their impact on the planet’s climate. Glaciologists document the properties and distribution of glaciers and icebergs. Data collected by glaciologists has demonstrated the retreat of Arctic and Antarctic ice in the past century.
Pedologists study soil and how it is created, changed and classified. Soil studies are used by a variety of professions from farmers analyzing field fertility to engineers investigating the suitability of different areas for building heavy structures.
Hydrology is the study of Earth’s water: its properties, distribution and effects. Hydrologists are especially concerned with the movement of water as it cycles from the ocean to the atmosphere then back to Earth’s surface. Hydrologists study the water cycle through rainfall into streams, lakes, the soil and underground aquifers.
Climatologists study Earth’s climate system and its impact on Earth’s surface. For example: climatologists make predictions about El Nino- a cyclical weather phenomenon of warm surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean. They analyze the dramatic worldwide climate changes caused by El Nino, such as flooding in Peru, drought in Australia and in the United States, the oddities of heavy Texas rains or an unseasonably warm Minnesota winter.
Biogeographers study the impact of the environment on the distribution of plants and animals. For example: a biogeographer might document all the places in the world inhabited by a certain spider species and what those places have in common.
Oceanography is a related discipline of physical geography, focuses on the creatures and environments of the world’s oceans. The discovery and tracking of the Gulf Stream helped communications and travel between Europe and the Americas.
Human geography is concerned with the distribution and networks of people and cultures on Earth’s surface. A human geographer might investigate the local, regional and global impact of rising economic powers China and India, which represent 37 percent of the world’s people. They also might look at how consumers in China and India adjust to new technology and markets and how markets respond to such a huge consumer base.
Human geographers also study how people use and alter
their environments. When people allow their animals to overgraze a region, the
soil erodes and grassland is transformed into desert. The impact of overgrazing
on the landscape as well as agricultural production is an area of study for
human geographers.
The Republic of India is a vast country. It lies
entirely in the northern hemisphere. The mainland of the country extends
between latitudes 8°4′ and 37°6′ north, longitude 68°7′ and 97°25′ east.
Why everyone should read
Geography?
To understand basic physical systems that
affect everyday life.
To learn the location of places and the physical
and cultural characteristics of those places.
To develop a mental map of your community,
province or territory, country and the world so that you can understand the
“where” of places and events.
To explain how the processes of human and
physical systems have arranged and sometimes changed the surface of the Earth.
To understand the spatial organization of
society, people and places.
To understand the geography of past times
and how geography has played important roles in the evolution of people, their
ideas, places and our environments.
To recognize spatial distributions at all
scales- local and worldwide -the complex connectivity of people and land
places.
To be able to make sensible judgements
about matters involving relationships between the physical environment and our
society.
To appreciate Earth as the homeland of
humankind and provide insight for wise management decisions about how the
planet’s resources should be used.
To
understand global interdependence and to become a better global citizen.
To
understand earth-sun relationships, water cycles and wind and ocean currents).
To
understand the rich natural resources and how peoples are depend on our
environment and ecology.
Geography is a focus within the curriculum for understanding and resolving issues about the environment and sustainable development. It is also an important link between the natural and social sciences. As students study geography, they encounter different societies and cultures.
Introduction of Rajasthan
The Rajasthan state was
earlier known as Rajputana came into existence on March 30, 1949.
Rajasthan, situated at the northwestern part of India is
the biggest state in the country of India and lies between 23°30′ and 30° 11′
North latitude and 69° 29′ and 78° 17′ East longitude. The state shares its
north-western and western boundary with the Indo-Pakistan international border
that extends about 1,070 km and touches the major districts Barmer, Bikaner,
Sriganganagar and Jaisalmer. It is bounded on the west and
northwest by Pakistan, on the north and northeast by Haryana &Uttar
Pradesh, on the south-southeast and southwest by Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat
States respectively. The huge portion
of the state of Rajasthan is desiccated and houses the biggest Indian desert-
the Thar desert known as the ‘Maru-kantar’. The oldest chain of fold
mountains- the Aravali range splits the state into two geographical zones-
desert at one side and forest belt on the other. Only 10% of the total
geographical region lies under forest vegetation. The Mount abu is the only
hill station of the state and houses the Guru Shikhar Peak that is the highest
peak of the Aravali range with an elevation of 1,722 m. The
area to the east of the hills is covered by the eastern plains and the Vindhyan
plateau.
The north-western state of Rajasthan is the largest indian state with an
area of 3, 42,239sq.km comprising of the 10.74% of the total geographical area
of the country. This state has a type of rhomboid shape and stretches
lengthwise 869 km. from west to east and 826 km. from north to south. The
Tropic of Cancer passes through its south tip in its Banswara
district.
The Aravalli ranges
are india’s oldest fold mountains. The north end of the Aravalli range
continues as secluded hills and rocky ridges into Haryana and ending in Delhi.
The Aravalli Range
and the lands to the east and southeast of the range are generally more fertile
and better watered. This region is home to the Kathiawar-Gir dry deciduous
forests eco-region with tropical dry broadleaf forests that include teak,
Acacia and other trees. The hilly Vagad region lies in southernmost
Rajasthan on the border with Gujarat. With the exception of Mount Abu,
Vagad is the wettest region in Rajasthan and the most heavily forested. North
of Vagad lays the mewar region home to the cities of Udaipur and Chittaurgarh
in Rajasthan. The Hadoti region lies to the southeast on the border with Madhya
Pradesh. The dhundhar region is located in the north of Hadoti and mewar is
also known as home to the state capital of Jaipur in Rajasthan. Mewat, the
easternmost region of Rajasthan borders with Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. Eastern
and southeastern Rajasthan is drained by the Banas and Chambal rivers,
tributaries of the Ganges.
The Aravalli outline most important divisions of
Rajasthan. The Chambal River which is the only large and perennial river
in the state originates from its drainage to the east of this range and flows
northeast. Its principal tributary the Banas rises in the Aravali near
Kumbhalgarh and collects all the drainage of the Mewar plateau. Farther in
north the Banganga after rising near Jaipur in Rajasthan flow east-wards before
disappearing. The Luni is the only significant river located in west of the
Aravali. It rises in the Pushkar valley of Ajmer and flows 320 km
west-southwest into the Rann of Kachchh. Northeast of the Luni basin in the
Shekhawati tract, is an area of internal drainage characterized by salt lakes,
the largest of which is Sambhar Salt Lake.
Rajasthan has varying topographic features though a major part of the state is
dominated by parched and dry region. The extensive topography includes rocky
terrain, rolling sand dunes, wetlands and barren tracts of land filled with
thorny scrubs, river-drained plains, plateaus, ravines and wooded regions.
Rajasthan has its important role in drainage system
and some very useful rivers flow /originates through rajasthan. Chambal,
Banas, Sabarmati, Mithari, Parbati, Berach, Saraswati, Jawai and Luni Rivers
are important.
The soil and vegetation of Rajasthan
alters with its wide-ranging topography of the state and the availability of
water. The varied kind of soils available in Rajasthan are mostly sandy,
saline, alkaline and chalky (calcareous). Clay, loamy, black lava soil and
nitrogenous soils are also found.
The seasonal vegetation such as a few grass species, shrubs and dwarf trees can
be found owing to the limited rainfall. However food crops are grown in the
plains that are drained by the rivers and streamlets owing to the alluvial and
clay soil deposits. The hilly tracts of the Aravali are characterized by the
black, lava soils that sustain the growth of cotton and sugarcane.
The
Thar desert or the Great Indian desert encompasses about 70% of total landmass
of Rajasthan and hence it is identified as the “Desert State of
India”. The Rajasthan desert which forms a major portion of the Thar
desert is the biggest desert in India and encompasses the districts of
Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner and Jodhpur. In fact the Rajasthan desert comprises
the desert triangle of three cities – Jaisalmer, Bikaner and Jodhpur. Thar
desert extends from Sutlej River bounded by aravali ranges on the eastern part
and on the southern part by the Great Rann of Kutch and on the western side by
the Indus river.
The
desert becomes very hot during the summer and it experiences extreme climate
with an average annual rainfall less than 25 cm. Days are hot and the nights
are cold here. The Vegetation consists of thorny bushes, shrubs and
xerophilious grass. Various species of lizards and snakes are found here.
Rajasthan has varying climate like its
varying topography. The weather and climate of the Rajasthan can be broadly
classified into four distinct seasons. They are – Pre-monsoon, which is the hot
season preceding the monsoon and extends from April to June, the Monsoon that
occurs in the month of June in the eastern region and mid- July in the western
arid regions. The Post-monsoon that
commences from mid-September and continues till November and the winter that
extends from December to March while January being the coldest month of the
year. The average temperature in winter ranges from 8° to 28° C and in summer
the average temperature range from 25° to 46° C.
Different Regions of Rajasthan:
1. Ahirwal- This include some part of Haryana too along with Rajasthan. Alwar
and Bharatpur in Rajasthan, Mahendragarh and Gurgaon in Haryana are part of
this region.
2. Bagar tract- This include regions of Fatehabad and
Sirsa (Haryana); Hanumangarh and Sriganganagar (Rajasthan).
3. Dhundhar- “Jaipur region” include districts –
Jaipur, Dausa, Sawai Madhopur, Tonk and northern part of Karauli.
4. Gorwar- South-western part of Rajasthan; having
historical capitals- Nadol, Chandrawati and Sirohi. It covers region of Jalore,
Sirohi and southern portion of Pali.
5. Hadoti- districts like Bundi, Baran, Jhalawar and
Kota are part of this region.
6. Marwar- “Jodhpur region” includes district of
Barmer, Jodhpur, Jalore, Nagaur and Pali.
7. Mewar- South-
central region of Rajasthan: In this region the districts covered are-
Bhilwara, Chittorgarh, Rajsamand, Udaipur, Pirawa tehsil of Jhalawar
(Rajasthan), Neemuch and Mandsaur of M.P. and some parts of Gujarat.
8. Mewat- In this region area covered is the Hathin
tehsil and Nuh district of Haryana; Tijara, Kishangarh Bas, Ramgarh and Laxmangarh
tehsil. Aravalli range in Alwar district, Pahari, Nagaur, Kaman tehsils in
Bharatpur district of Rajasthan and some part of Mathura district of U.P.
9. Shekhawati- district like Jhunjhunu, Sikar, Churu
and a part of Nagaur and Jaipur.
10. Vagad- region in south-eastern Rajasthan.
Boundaries roughly defined by districts of Dungarpur and Banswara.
Rajasthan: Important Facts
Area
342,239 km2 (Biggest
state of India in terms of land)
Population
6.85 cr (2011 census)
Language
Official language (Hindi), Additional
official language (English) and Rajasthani (Devanagari is a language of the
Indo-Aryan languages family.
Climate
Rajasthan has a tropical desert
climate. It is extremely cold from October to February while the scorching
sun tortures the land from March to September.
Capital
Jaipur
Election Seats
25 Seats in General Election (Lok Sabha) and 200 Seats in Legislative
Assembley (Vidhan Sabha) Elections.
Legislature
Unicameral
Major Cities
(population)
Jaipur (3,073,349),
Jodhpur(1,138,300), Kota(1,001,365), Bikaner(647,804), Ajmer(551,101),
Udaipur(474,531) and Bhilwara(360,009)
Famous Lakes
Rajsamand Lake, Sambhar lake, Udai
Sagar Lake, Nakki Lake, Kaylana Lake, Raj Bagh Talao, Malik Talao, Lake Fateh
Sagar, Gadsisar Lake, Lake Pichhola, Swaroop Sagar Lake, Udai Sagar Lake, Raj
Bagh Talao etc.
Average annual rainfall
(mm)
313-675
The Thar Desert
Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner and
Jodhpur (The Thar desert or the Great Indian desert encompasses about 70% of
total landmass of Rajasthan and hence it is identified as the “Desert
State of India”.)
Literacy
66.11 %
Districts
33
Sex Ratio (as per 2011
census)
928 per Thousand male
Child sex Ratio
888 (census 2011)
Famous Folk Dances
Bhavai Dance, Chari Dance, Drum
Dance, Fire Dance, Gair Dance, Ghoomar Dance ( by Bhil tribe),Kachhi Ghodi
dance, Kalbelia Dance(‘Sapera Dance or Snake Charmer),Kathak Dance, Kathputli
Dance.
The six forts — Chittorgarh, Kumbhalgarh,
Jaisalmer, Ranthambhore (Sawai Madhopur), Gagaron (Jhalawar) and Amber
(Jaipur) were recognised as serial World Heritage Sites in the 37th session
of the world heritage committee (WHC) in Phnom Penh, Cambodia .
Principal Crops
Barley, Wheat, Gram, Pulses, Oil
Seeds, Bajra, Pulses, Jowar, Maize,
Ground Nuts, fruits and vegetables and spices.etc.
Principal Minerals
Wollastonite (100%), Jasper(100%),
Zinc concentrate (99%), Fluorite(96%), Gypsum(93%),Marble(90%),
Asbestos(89%), Calcite(70%), Phosphate rock(75%), Mica, Copper, Silver and
Natural Gas & Petroleum
District-wise
Population-List (As per census – 2011)
District
Population
Area
(km2)
Po.
Density
Sex-ratio
Jaipur
66,26,178
11,143
595
910
Jodhpur
36,87,165
22,850
161
916
Alwar
36,74,179
8,380
438
895
Nagaur
33,07,743
17,718
187
950
Udaipur
30,68,420
11,724
262
958
Sikar
26,77,333
7,732
346
947
Barmer
26,03,751
28,387
92
902
Ajmer
25,83,052
8,481
305
951
Bharatpur
25,48,462
5,066
503
880
Bhilwara
24,08,523
10,455
230
973
Bikaner
23,63,937
30,239
78
905
Jhunjhunun
21,37,045
5,928
361
950
Churu
20,39,547
13,835
147
940
Pali
20,37,573
12,387
164
987
Ganganagar
19,69,168
10,978
179
887
Kota
19,51,014
5,217
374
911
Jalore
18,28,730
10,640
172
952
Banswara
17,97,485
4,522
397
980
Hanumangarh
17,74,692
9,656
184
906
Dausa
16,34,409
3,432
476
905
Chittaurgarh
15,44,338
7,822
197
972
Karauli
14,58,248
5,524
264
861
Tonk
14,21,326
7,194
198
952
Jhalawar
14,11,129
6,219
227
946
Dungarpur
13,88,552
3,770
368
994
SawaiMadhopur
13,35,551
4,498
297
897
Baran
12,22,755
6,992
175
929
Dhaulpur
12,06,516
3,033
398
846
Rajsamand
11,56,597
4,655
248
990
Bundi
11,10,906
5,776
192
925
Sirohi
10,36,346
5,136
202
940
Pratapgarh
8,67,848
4,449
195
983
Jaisalmer
6,69,919
38,401
17
852
It gives me immense pleasure in presenting the Geography of Rajasthan book, useful for the students of Graduate and the candidates appearing in Rajasthan Competitive Examinations conducted by RPSC and Rajasthan Subordinate Board, Universities and Government Departments.
This book deals with the relevant features and topics of geographical landscape of Rajasthan in a systematic and comprehensive manner by the use of simple and concise language for easy and quick understanding. Varied topics covered are Physiography, climate, soil, livestock, minerals, Agriculture, transportation, Census, wildlife, drainage and other important topics by latest available data/diagrams. I hope that the readers will find this book user friendly and helpful in preparation of their examinations. I look forwarded to have the views, comment, suggestions and criticism from readers which would definitely help in further improvement of the Book.
Wish you happy reading and best wishes for the examinations.
(1)Rivers that drain in the Bay of Bengal: Chambal River, Parwati- Kalisindh-Chambal link, Banas River, Banas River Basin, Kali Sindh River, Parvati River, Berach River, Mez River, Vapani (Bahyani) River, Gambhiri River, Banganga River (2) Rivers that drain into the Arabian Sea: Luni River, Mahi River, Sabarmati River (3) Inland Rivers: Inland River/Drainage, Kantali River, Sota Sabi River, Kakani or Kakneya River, Ghaghar River (4)Other Rivers: Khari River, Dai River, Dheel River, Morel River, Kalisil River, Sarasvati and Drishadvati: Ancient Indian River
(1) Salt Water Lakes: Sambhar Lake, Didwana, Pachpadra, Lunkaransar Lake (2)Fresh (Sweet) Water Lake:Jaisamand , Rajsamand , Pichhola, Fateh Sagar , Anasagar , Pushkar Lake, Siliserh Lake, NLCP in Rajasthan
Major Irrigation Projects: Chambal Project, Mahi Bajaj Sagar Project, Bhakra Nangal Canal Project, Narmada Project, Bilasalpur Project (1986-87), Indira Gandhi Canal Project, Irrigation system of Rajasthan, Sources of Irrigation: Wells and Tube wells, Tank Irrigation, Canal Irrigation, electric pumps, Persian Wheel
Rajasthan crop seasons-Rabi, Kharif, Pearl millet, technological interventions, Chickpea, Guar, Rapeseed-mustard, Groundnut, Fodder, Aonla, Ber
7. Mineral resources
(1) Metallic Minerals – Types, Distribution and Industrial uses and their Conservation
(2) Non-Metallic Minerals – Types, Distribution and Industrial uses and their Conservation (3) Other Minerals
8. Energy Resources
Classification of Power Resources, Conventional: Thermal (Coal, Oil & Gas), Hydro, Atomic, Non-Conventional: Solar, Wind, Biogas, Biomass, Tidal, Geo-thermal, Distribution of major power resources of Rajasthan, Hydrocarbon Basin, power plants and major projects, schemes, Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy.
9. Population and Tribes
Rajasthan Population -2011, Religious Data, Urban Population, Metropolitan/City Population, Population density, District-wise Population Data, Scheduled Caste population by sex and residence, Sex Ratio among Scheduled Castes, Percentage of Scheduled Castes, Tribe population, Percentage of Scheduled Tribes, Population Glossary, Tribes in Rajasthan: Bhil, Bheel, Garasia, Dholi Bhil, Dungri Bhil, Dungri Garasia, Mewasi Bhil, Rawal Bhil, Tadvi Bhil, Bhagalia, Bhilala, Pawra, Vasava, Vasave, Mina, Meena, Bhil Mina, Customs and ornaments, Food of Bhils, Social life and tradition, Art and culture, Garasia tribe, Customs and ornaments, Social life and tradition, Meena/Mina Tribes, Sahariya tribes, Programmes for development of Tribes, Manikya lal verma Research institute, Banvasi Kalyan Parishad, Tribal Sub-Plan Area Scheme, IRDP, Modified Area Development Programme, Some other Programmes for tribe’s development:
In
Rajasthan, Lakes are divided into two categories
Saltwater
Lake and
Fresh
(Sweet) Water Lake
Salt Water Lakes
Sambhar Lake
It
is India’s largest inland Salt Water Lake.
It
has been designated as a Ramsar site because this wetland is a favourite spot
for migratory birds like Pink Flamingo.
The
total area of the lake is 150 sq. km.
The
lake receives water from five rivers Merta, Samand, Mantha, Roopangarh and
khandel.
Didwana Lake
It
is a natural lake, is located at Nagaur district of Rajasthan.
It
is 2km broad and 4km long.
The
Production of salt produced is non-edible grade because of high fluoride.
Pachpadra Lake
It
is located in Barmer district.
This
is also a Natural Lake, is a salt lake near Pachpadra in Barmer, Rajasthan.
Its
sodium chloride level is marked at Approx 98%.
The
total area of this Lake is 25 Sq. km.
Lunkaransar Lake
It
is located in Lunkaransar, 80 km away from Bikaner.
It
is also Natural and a salt water lake.
Some
other famous Salt Water Lakes are Phalodi, Kuchaman, Kovaad, Kachhor, Rewasa,
etc.
2. Fresh (Sweet) Water
Lake
Due
to the scarcity of water in Rajasthan, this freshwater lakes act as boons for
people of Rajasthan.
Important Fresh Water Lakes of Rajasthan
Jaisamand Lake
It
was constructed by Maharana Jaising by building the dam on Gomati River from
1685 to 1691.
It
is located 51 km southeast of Udaipur.
It
is also called Dhebar Lake.
It
is the biggest natural lake of Rajasthan.
Rajsamand Lake
It was
constructed by Maharana Rajsingh in 1662.
On the bank of this, lakes many inscriptions are there
which tells about the history of Mewar.
Pichhola Lake
Lake Pichhola, an artificial fresh water
lake, situated on the heart of the Udaipur city in Rajasthan.
It was built in 1362 AD by a Banjara and
& named after the nearby Picholi village.
There are four islands on the lake: Jag
Niwas, where the Lake Palace is built, Jag Mandir, with the palace of the same
name, Mohan Mandir and Arsi Vilas.
The Pichhola Lake and the Swaroop Sagar
Lake are connected by an arched bridge built by Maharana Swaroop Singh during
1842-1861.
One has Jag Mandir (Temple) and second has
Jag Nivas named palaces.
Fateh Sagar Lake
This is an artificial lake was initially built by
Maharana Jai Singh in north-west of Udaipur in the year 1678 but it was
reconstructed by Maharana Fateh Singh in 1888.
It was inaugurated by the Duke of Connaught
and was initially called Connaught Bundh.
There are Udaipur Solar Observatory, impressive
water-jet fountain and Nehru Park – Popular picnic spot.
Anasagar Lake
It is an artificial lake situated in the
city of Ajmer.
It was built by Arnoraja alias Anaji, the grandfather
of Prithviraj Chauhan, in 1135 -1150 AD and is named after him.
The five Baradari or pavilions, between the garden and
the lake, were built by Shahjahan in 1637. On its bank, there’s a garden called
“Daulat Baug by Jehangir.
Pushkar Lake
It
is located in Ajmer district surrounded by mountains.
This
is also known as Pushkar Sarovar, is located in Pushkar.
Pushkar
Lake is a sacred lake of the Hindus. The Hindu scriptures describe it as
“Tirtha-Raj” – the king of Pilgrimage sites related to a water-body and
relate it to the mythology of the creator-god Brahma, whose most prominent
temple stands in Pushkar.
The
Pushkar Lake finds mention on coins as early as the 4th century BC.
Siliserh Lake
It
is located in Alwar district in between Aravalli Range.
Some other famous lakes are Navlakkha Lake (Bundi),
Kolayat Lake (Bikaner), Shaiva Sagar (Dungarpur), Galati and Ramgarh (Jaipur),
Balsamand Lake (Jodhpur), Kailana Lake (Jodhpur), etc.
The Location of the great Indian watershed and the
existence of the Aravalli axis greatly influence the drainage system of
Rajasthan. The drainage to the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea gets divide
due to the Great Indian watershed which runs along the Aravali axis from
the Sambhar Lake southward to Ajmer. From here before proceeding towards the
southwest of Udaipur city the line runs to southwest, a few kilometers east of
Beawar and to Deogarh and Kumbhalgarh further extending to in the west, past Udai
sagar and runs to southeast to Bari Sadri, from Choti Sadri to Pratapgarh.
Smaller streams and their tributaries drain the west
and south of the Aravalli axis. Rivers Luni, Sukri, Banas, Sabarmati and Mahi
are most significant. These streams are non-perennial in nature. On the eastern
side of the watershed, the river Chambal is joined by the river Banas along with
its main tributaries like Khari, Moshi and Morel on the left bank and Berach,
Bajasen and Golwa on the right. The river Chambal ultimately joins the river
Yamuna in Uttar Pradesh.
The inland drainage system
is the most characteristic feature of the drainage system of Rajasthan which is
that nearly 60.2 per cent of the area of the state. Nearly all this area lies
west of the Aravalli range. In this part Kanti basin, Sota and Sahibi basin, Barrah
basin of the Luni basin are found in large number of separate drainage basins.
The desert tract in the western part soaks all the water of these rivers.
The river Luni which rises at Ana Sagar at Ajmer
is the only significant water course in this area is and flows towards the
southwest for a distance of about 32 km through the districts of Jodhpur,
Barmer and Jalore in the semi-arid tract west of the Aravalli range., the river
has a small catchment area of about 32 sq km at the source at Talod Road. A
small tributary joins from the Pushkar valley and the basin of the river
widens. Near Ajmer, the river flows down the Aravalli slope and after 10km
flows towards the southwest. This river drains the total catchment area
of about 34,866.40 sq kilometers. As it is a rain-fed stream the river is
choked with advancing sands at many places during the dry season. When the
river is carrying maximum water during the monsoon season it is not able to cut
the Aeolian deposits. It receives many smaller hill torrents from the
western slope of the Aravalli range, like Lalri, Ghuhia, Bandi, Sukri,
Jawai, Jojri and Sagai, all joining on the left bank. All these streams
contribute to the sub-soil within its bend. Up to Balotra the water of river
Luni but lower down it becomes more and more saline till the river drains near the
Rann of Kutch. The river Luni increases in width at Jodhpur district rather
than deepening the bed. This is because the floods develop so quickly due to
the nature of rainfall that the river has no time to rub the bed. The River
Luni spills over the country and occasionally damages the railway line to which
it actually runs parallel from Luni Junction to Gole during the rainy season.
The southern and the eastern part of Rajasthan, south,
southeast and east of the Aravalli range receives more than 80 cm rainfall and has
some important streams.
The river Chambal is the largest stream
and is joined by some tributaries like the Banas, the Kali Sindh, and the
Parbati. The river Chambal is a perennial river while its tributaries might
occasionally turn completely dry and exhibit their stony beds.
The river Chambal rising from the northern flanks of
the Vindhyan scarps near Manpur (884.4 m) in the south of Mhow runs for about
325 km through a long narrow and steep gorge which overhangs the valley on both
the sides rising about 60m to 90 m above the valley floor. The river falls at
505 m near Chaurasigarh to Kota.
The river Chambal is joined by its first major
tributary – river kali Sindh near Monera village. Another tributary Parbati
joins about 48 km downstream. Taking a straight course for about 212 km, it
bends southeast at Pinahat and flows to join the river Yamuna near Murad ganj,
after a total run of about 965 kilometres. For a length of about 153 km the
river flows entirely in Rajasthan. The river forms the boundary between
Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh from Palia to Pinahat for about 241 km. it forms
the boundary between Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh Before joining the river
Yamuna in Uttar Pradesh. In Rajasthan two other tributaries Kurai and Banas join
the Chambal River on the left bank.
The Banas River flows through the heart of the Mewar Plains. Its chief tributaries are Berach, Kothari, Khari, Dhoond and Morel. The river Banas rises from the catchment area lying between Kankroli and Nathdwara and flows towards the east as far as Mandalgarh and further it flows towards the northeast up to Tonk where it again turns towards the east and finally this river turns at right angles and flows south to join the river Chambal. The upper reaches of this stream are hilly and have good rainfall.
1. Rivers that
drain in the Bay of Bengal
Chambal River
In
the ancient time, it was called “Charmanyavati”.
It
originates from Janapao Hills near Maanpur in Mahu, Madhya Pradesh.
It
enters in Rajasthan near Chaurasigarh and makes the border of Kota and Bundi.
It
passes through Sawai Madhopur, Karauli and Dhaulpur and finally meets in Yamuna
River.
Gandhi
sagar, Jawahar sagar, Rana Pratap Sagar Dam and Kota Barrage Dam are built on
this river.
Banas,
Kalisindh and Parvati are its tributaries.
Length-
965 Km & Length in Rajasthan-370Km
Parwati-
Kalisindh-Chambal link
The proposed Parwati- Kalisindh-Chambal
link is one of the big projects being planned in the basin which will divert
surplus waters of Parwati and Kalisindh to the Rana Pratap Sagar or Gandhi
Sagar dam.
Banas River
It
originates from Khamnor Hill near Kumbhalgarh in Rajsamand.
It
travels through Gogunda Plateau, Nathdwara, Rajsamand, Rel Magara, Chittorgarh,
Bhilwara, Tonk and in Sawai Madhopur, it join the Stream of Chambal River.
It
is also called ‘Hope of Forest (Van Ki Asha)’.
Bedach,
Kothari, Khari, Mainal, Bandi, Dhundh and Morel are the tributaries of Banas
River.
Banas River Basin
Banas lies completely within Rajasthan and has the largest
catchment area (45,833 square km) in Rajasthan. Banas drains the east slope of
the central portion of the Aravalli Range, and the basin includes all or part
of Pali, Rajsamand, Udaipur, Tonk, Ajmer, Bhilwara, Bundi, Chittorgarh,
Dausa, Jaipur and Sawai Madhopur districts.
Kali Sindh River
It
originates in dewas in Madhya Pradesh.
It
passes through Jhalawar and Baran districts and meets Chambal River in Narena.
It
is tributary of Chambal & it meet near Nonera village in Baran.
Paravan,
Ujaad, Niwai and Aahu are its tributary rivers.
Parban River
is a tributary of Kali Sindh and it originates in Sehore district of Madhya
Pradesh. Parban flows through Sehore, Shajapur and Rajgarh districts in
Madhya Pradesh. It covers Jhalawar, Kota; Baran districts of Rajasthan and
meets Kali Sindh in Baran district of Rajasthan.
Parvati River
It
originates in Sihor region of Madhya Pradesh and flows in Baran and meets
Chambal River near Paliya, Sawai Madhopur.
Origin-
Northern slopes of Vindhyan Range Length in State- 65 Km
It
is the tributary of Chambal and it meet near Poh village
Berach River
It Originates from Gogunda Hills, North of
Udaipur
Districts- Udaipur, Chittorgarh
It is also known as Aayar River
It is a tributary of Banas River & it
meet near Bigod.
It is known by name of Aayar
River. It is called Berach after appearing from Udai Sagar Lake near
Udaipur. It flows northeast through Udaipur, Chittorgarh and Bhilwara
districts, joining the Banas near Bigod village of Bhilwara district.
Berach has significant historical
significance with banks of Ahar having thrown up evidences of settlements
dating back to the Harappan and pre-Harappan era’s cultural levels, thus
exhibiting connection with Indus Valley civilization. Additionally, evidences
of big palaces were found at Nagri, an ancient site around 16 km from
Chittorgarh.
Mez River
Originates
from Bhilwara and meets Chambal near Lakheri in Bundi.
Mej
River is a left bank tributary of Chambal River.
It
originates near Mandalgarh in Bhilwara and joins Chambal in Kota. The catchment
area of Mej River extends over Bhilwara, Bundi and Tonk districts of
Rajasthan.
Vapani (Bahyani) River
Originates
near Haripura village of Chittorgarh district and meets Chambal near
Bhaisroadgarh.
Gambhiri River
Origin- Hills of Sawai Madhopur district
Districts- Karauli and Bharatpur
Dam- Panchna Dam in Sawai Madhopur Band Baretha has
been built over it to tame its water.
It is a tributary of Yamuna River & it meet in Agra
district.
It changes its course in many years.
Banganga River
It
originates from Bairath Hills of Jaipur district.
Then
it moves towards the east in Sawai Madhopur and then in Bharatpur meets in the
Yamuna.
Banganga
River Basin is located in the northeastern part of Rajasthan state with a total
catchment area of 8,878.7 sq km. It is bounded by Ruparail and Sabi in its
north; and the Shekhawati Basin in its west and the Gambhir and Banas River
Basins in its south-southwest. The eastern border of the basin is marked by the
Yamuna River Basin in Uttar Pradesh. Administratively, Banganga River Basin
extends over parts of Alwar, Jaipur, Dausa, Sawai Madhopur and Bharatpur
Districts.
2. Rivers that drain into the Arabian Sea
Luni River
It
originates from Naag Hills of Ajmer, after that it moves towards Jodhpur, Pali,
Barmer, and Jalore and enters in Gujarat in Kutchh.
It
travels almost 320 km.
Its
water is sweet up to Balotara and then it becomes salty.
Jawai,
Liladi, Mithadi, Sukhadi, Bandi and Saagi are its tributaries.
Pali
city is situated on the bank of Bandi River.
Sheoganj
city is on the banks of Jawai River.
Jalore
is on the bank of Sukri River
Mahi River
It
began its journey from Mahu Hills of Madhya Pradesh and enters Rajasthan in
Banswara district.
The Mahi Bajaj
Sagar Multipurpose project has
been constructed on it near Borkhera village
It
forms the border between Banswara and Dungarpur and enters Gujarat and ends its
journey in Gulf of Khambhat (Cambay).
Mahi
Bajaj Sagar Dam is constructed on this river near Banswara.
Its
main tributaries are Soma, Jakham, Anas, Chap and Moren.
Sabarmati River
It
originates near Udaipur and flows in Sirohi and then enters in Gujarat and ends
its journey in Gulf of Cambay.
At
the initial stage, it is called Vakal River.
3. Inland Rivers
Kantali River
It
originates from Khandela Hills of Sikar district.
District- Sikar, Jhunjhunu, Churu.
Finally
terminates in the sand dunes of Churu
It
travels 100 km and flowing from Sikar and Jhunjhunu, disappeared in the desert
land.
Sota Sabi River
Origin- Sota from the hills of Bairath,
Sabi from Sewar hills
In Rewari & Gurgaon it causes floods.
It originates from Sevar Hills and flows in
banasur, Bahrod, Kishangarh, Mandawar and Tijara and disappeared in Haryana.
Kakani or Kakneya River
Originates
from Kotari village and disappear after travelling some distance.
Origin-
Kotari village
District-
Jaisalmer
Fall
into- Bhuj Lake.
It
flows only during rainy season
Ghaghar River
It
is considered the oldest river of India, i. e. Saraswati.
It
flows from Haryana to Hanumangarh, Ganganagar Suratgarh, and Anupgarh and
enters in Pakistan.
Origin-
Kalka Hills (Himachal Pradesh) Length- 465 Km
It
often causes floods during heavy rainfall It enters Rajasthan in Tibbi Tehsil
(Ganganagar)
It finally enters into the Bhawalpur
district of Pakistan where it lost in the vast array of sand dune.
It
is also called Dead River.
Other Rivers
Khari River-Origin- Hills of Bijral village, North of
Rajsamand district and it meets near Banas River near Deoli (Tonk).
Dai River
Dai River originates in the southeastern
slopes of the Aravalli Range, near Nasirabad Tehsil of Ajmer. It flows
southeast and then east in Ajmer District and for a short distance through Tonk
District, before joining Banas River near Bisalpur village in Tonk District.
Dheel River
Dheel River originates in the plains near
Bauli village in Tonk District. It flows generally from north to south through
Jaipur, Tonk and Sawai Madhopur. It joins the Banas near Philpura village in
Sawai Madhopur district. River Gudia is its tributary.
Morel River
One branch of River
Morel originates in the hills near Dharla and Chainpura villages in Bassi
Tehsil of Jaipur District and the second branch makes by receiving water from
the catchment area of foothills of Paplaj Mataji mountains, district Dausa.
It flows southeast and
then southwest to meet river Dhund, and then again southeast through
Jaipur, Dausa and Sawai Madhopur, joining Banas river near Hadoli of
Sawai Madhopur District.
Kalisil River
The River Kalisil originates in the hills
near Rajpura village in Sawai Madhopur District. The river flows generally
southwest, partly through hills and partly in the plains of Sawai Madhopur
District, finally joining the Morel River.
Sarasvati and Drishadvati:
Ancient Indian River
Sarasvati River
(O Sarasvati, you the best of mothers, the best of rivers, the best of gods!
Although we are of no repute, mother, grant us distinction.)
During the vedic
civilization, Aryans developed Rigveda, which describes about the ” Sapta
Sindhu ” the seven rivers of NW India , traced from east to west as
Sarasvati, Satadru ( Sutlej ), Vipasa (Beas), Parosni (Ravi) , Asikni (Chenab)
Vitasta (Jhelum) and Sindhu (Indus) which started flowing consequent on the
melting of the Himalayan glaciers at the end of Pleistocene.
Sarasvati River system is sequenced as Sutlej-Markanda-Drishadvati-Ghaggar-Hakra
river channels which constituted the hydrological flows of Vedic Sarasvati
River system traceable upstream: from
Sarasvati
creek starting from Ad Badri at the foothills of the Siwalik ranges and Extending
into the Bata Valley in upper reaches of the Himalayas, traceable into the
Rupin-Supin glaciers close to Yamunotri glaciers.
Another
glacier source from ManaSarovar yielded the River Sutlej which was a tributary
of Vedic Sarasvati River System joining the latter southwards from Ropar at
Shatrana (50 km. South of Patiala).
The relative humidity
in the arid region of western Rajasthan is also very high. However, due to
unfavorable circulation of the atmosphere, low precipitation occurs in this
region as compared to semi-arid and sub-humid regions of the Rajasthan.
During the monsoon months, July to September the
relative humidity is generally high in the state of Rajasthan. The humidity is
about 45%-47% in June, which rises to a little less than 70% during August in
West Rajasthan and to about 76%-77% in East Rajasthan. The Graph depicts the
humidity regime in the state from 1980 to 2009. The average annual humidity
percentage during these 30 years was 55.4 %. The trend line in the figure shows
a gradual decrease in humidity percentage in the state from 1980 to 2009.
The annual average of relative humidity
of Rajasthan was 61% in 1980. Now, the annual average of relative humidity of
Rajasthan was 49% in 2010. There is a gradual decline in the annual average of
relative humidity of Rajasthan over the last 30 years.
The variation in the relative humidity is low during
the monsoon in the East Rajasthan. However, in the western Rajasthan, the
variation is much higher. The relative humidity drops to 22-27% in the
afternoon due to high temperature. This makes this region a dry and arid
region.
The main reason in this decline is the deforestation
and other activities.
The diurnal variation in
relative humidity is least during monsoon in the East Rajasthan; on the
contrary it is higher in West Rajasthan. In the summer afternoons the relative
humidity is least, i.e. about 20 to 30% in most of the state which makes the
summer very dry and hot. In the winters (December-January and February) the
diurnal variation is highest.
Air temperature and relative humidity conditions
The pleasant winters in the state witness mean night
temperatures above 4.7 C to 10.6 C. During summers the western Rajasthan
becomes the hottest place in the country with mean maximum air temperatures
varying from 38.6 C to 42.6 C in May. The recorded extreme temperatures in the
state were -4.4 C to 50.0 C in the western Rajasthan and -2.8 C to 47.8 C in
the eastern Rajasthan (as per Indian Meteorological Department, 2010).
The relative humidity in the arid region of Western
Rajasthan is also quite high because of the unfavorable circulations of the
atmosphere and low precipitation that occurs in the arid region as compared to
other semi-arid and sub-humid regions.
It is a Government of India’s scheme promoted by the
Department of Agriculture & Co-operation under the Ministry of Agriculture.
It will be implemented through the Department of Agriculture of all the State
and Union Territory Governments. A SHC is meant to give each farmer soil
nutrient status of his holding and advice him on the dosage of fertilizers and
also the needed soil amendments, that he should apply to maintain soil health
in the long run.
What is a Soil Health
Card?
SHC is a printed report that a farmer will be handed
over for each of his holdings. It will contain the status of his soil with
respect to 12 parameters, namely N,P,K (Macro-nutrients) ; S (Secondary-
nutrient) ; Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Bo (Micro – nutrients) ; and pH, EC, OC (Physical
parameters). Based on this, the SHC will also indicate fertilizer
recommendations and soil amendment required for the farm.
How can a farmer use a
SHC?
The card will contain an advisory based on the soil
nutrient status of a farmer’s holding. It will show recommendations on dosage
of different nutrients needed. Further, it will advise the farmer on the
fertilizers and their quantities he should apply, and also the soil amendments
that he should undertake, so as to realize optimal yields.
Will the farmer get a card
every year and for every crop?
It will be made available once in a cycle of 3 years,
which will indicate the status of soil health of a farmer’s holding for that
particular period. The SHC given in the next cycle of 3 years will be able to
record the changes in the soil health for that subsequent period.
What are the norms of
sampling?
Soil samples will be drawn in a grid of 2.5 ha in
irrigated area and 10 ha in rain- fed area with the help of GPS tools and
revenue maps.
Who will draw the soil
sample?
The State Government will collect samples through the
staff of their Department of Agriculture or through the staff of an outsourced
agency. The State Government may also involve the students of local Agriculture
/ Science Colleges.
What is the ideal time for
soil sampling?
Soil Samples are taken generally two times in a year,
after harvesting of Rabi and Kharif Crop respectively or when there is no
standing crop in the field.
How will soil samples be
collected from a farmer’s field?
Soil Samples will be collected by a trained person from
a depth of 15-20 cm by cutting the soil in a “V” shape. It will be collected
from four corners and the centre of the field and mixed thoroughly and a part
of this picked up as a sample. Areas with shade will be avoided. The sample
chosen will be bagged and coded. It will then be transferred to soil test
laboratory for analysis.
What is a soil test
laboratory?
It is a facility for testing the soil sample for 12
parameters as indicated in reply to question number 2. This facility can be
static or mobile or it can even be portable to be used in remote areas.
Who and Where will the
soil sample be tested?
The soil sample will be tested as per the approved
standards for all the agreed 12 parameters in the following way:
At the STLs owned by the Department of
Agriculture and by their own staff.
At the STLs owned by the Department of
Agriculture but by the staff of the outsourced agency.
At the STLs owned by the outsourced agency
and by their staff.
At ICAR Institutions including KVKs and
SAUs.
At the laboratories of the Science
Colleges/Universities by the students under supervision of a Professor/
Scientist.
1. Old
System of Soil Classification:
This system of soil classification is based on the soil
as a natural body concept and has a strong genetic bias. According to this
classification soils of Rajasthan are classified into eight soil groups.
1. Desert Soils
2. Dunes and Associated Soils
This type of soil covers most part of Barmer,
Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Jaipur, Jodhpur and Churu.
These soils are yellowish brown in
colour sandy to sany loam, deep and well drained
Calcium carbonate, sometime occur in the
form of Kankar nodules which increases with depth.
Texture- loamy fine sand to coarse sand and
may or may not be calcareous.
Cultivation is practiced in rainy season on
the slopes of low to medium high dunes and usually rainfed Bajra or Kharif
pulse are grown.
These have been grouped separately from
desert soils as they are only deposited sand and little profile development has
taken place.
3. Brown Soils
The brown soil covers most area of Tonk, Bundi, Sawai
Madhopur, Bhilwara, Udaipur and Chittorgarh district and the colour of soils
ranges from grayish brown to yellow brown. Rabi crops are grown under
irrigation.
Annual Rainfall- 50 cm to 75 cm is sufficient for Kharif
crops and Texture- Sandy loam to clay loam.
Major area of these soils is in the catchment area of
Banas River and they are rich in calcium salts but have poor organic matter
Use of fertilizers becomes essential to get good harvest.
As the ground waters are saline, soils irrigate with these
waters have accumulated salts and the Tank irrigated soils have also developed
problem of high water table.
4. Sierozems
The Sierozems soil is found in most of the part of Pali,
Nagaur, Ajmer, Jaipur, Dausa districts it means this type of soil lies on both
the side of Aravalli Hills and they are mostly yellowish brown.
The Annual Rainfall range is 50 cm to 70 cm
and Texture- Sandy loam to Sandy clay
These soils are suitable for cultivation
but for low rainfall and high evaporation.
Kharif crops are rainfed and Rabi crops are
grown through well irrigation.
In the Kharif crops Bajra, Jowar, pulses
are grown and in Rabi crops wheat, mustard & vegetables are grown.
5. Red Loams
This Soil Covered Part of Dungarpur, Banswara, Udaipur,
Chittorgarh and Parent material of these soils is the red sandstone or yellow
sandstone which is found in Vindyan rocks. Rainfall- 70 cm to 100 cm and Texture-
Sandy loam to sandy.
These soils have rich content of iron-oxide and devoid
of calcium salts because calcium salts soluble in water and are easily washed
away.
These soils are reddish in colour with granular/crumb
structure & well drained and it is suitable for maize, chilies, wheat, and
barley and rapeseed cultivation.
6. Hill
Soils (Litho sols)
This type of soil found at the foot hills of Aravalli
in Sirohi, Pali, Nagaur, Udaipur, Rajsamand, Chittorgarh, Bhilwara and Ajmer
and its Colour is – Reddish to yellowish red to yellowish brown but the
problem isSoil erosion due to water is another problem of these types
of soils.
Texture- Sandy loam to clay and well
drained.
Cultivation of crops in these soils is very
much restricting due to shallow nature of these soils and presence of stones on
the surface.
7.
Saline Sodic Soils (Solonchaks)
This type of soil found in the natural depressions like
the Pachpadra, Sambhar, Deedwana, Ranns of Jalore and Barmer and Saline Sodic
soils are seen in the far flood plains of river Ghaggar and in Luni Basin.
The Colour is dark grey to pale brown and Water
table is sometime close to surface but Cultivation is not possible due to the
impeded drainage and high degree of salinity and the only vegetation consists
of some salt tolerant grasses and shrubs.
8. Alluvial Soils:
These soils cover a vast area in north western and south eastern plains of the State. These soils have been brought down by different modern and ancient rivers; therefore, different areas have soils of different characteristics depending upon the source from which the alluvium has been brought and deposited. In Rajasthan alluvial soils are found in the valleys of Ghaggar River, Banas and Chambal river basins and covered part of Sriganganagar, Kota, Bundi, Baran, Jaipur.
Soil Conversation Methods / Techniques in
Rajasthan
Soil Conservation methods adopted in
Rajasthan:
1. Adequate Drainage:
The solution for salinity & Alkanity of soil is to provide of soil is to
provide adequate drainage.
2. Afforestation:
Large scale planting of saplings which act as wind breaks
3. Use of Gypsum: Use
of gypsum which is abundantly and cheaply available in Rajasthan, is economical
and long term solution to the problem
4. Shelter
Belts: In dry regions rows of trees are planted to check wind movement to
protect soil cover.
5. Grass
Development: Plantation of trees & grasses on marginal and sub marginal
land.
6. Contour
Barriers: Stone, gross, soils are used to build barrier along contours.
Trenches are made in front of the boomers to collect water.
7. Wind strip
cropping: Grass and crop strip at right angle to wind direction.
8. Stubble
Mulching: Crop stubbles are left in the field and next crop planted with
minimum tillage.
9. Contour
Bonding: Ravine land can be made cultivable by leveling followed by contour
bonding. The medium and deep gullies can also be converted into productive wood
lands.
10. Proper
Drainage System in canal Project Area: The problem of water logging can be
checked and overcome by introducing proper drainage system in the canal project
area.
11. Rock Dam: Rock
Dam is built to slow down its flow of water.
12. Dry
Farming: D.F in and region is a method of conserving soil moisture
preventing soil erosion.
13. Mulching: A
layer of organic matter is made on soil. It helps to retain soil moisture.
14. Intercropping:
Different crops are grown in alternative rows to protect the soil form rain
wash.
15. Contour
Plugging: Plugging parallel to the contours of a hill slope to form a
natural barrier for water to flow down the slope.
16. Terrace
Farming: Broad flat steps or terraces are made on the steep slopes so that
flat surfaces are available to grow crops. They reduce surface run off &
soil erosion.
There is a wide variation in the mean annual rainfall
over Rajasthan as the extreme western parts of Jaisalmer district receive
rainfall less than 100mm in contrast to more than 900mm in the eastern parts of
Jhalawar and Banswara. The districts of East Rajasthan receive more
rainfall than those of West Rajasthan. The mean annual rainfall in the East and
West Rajasthan is about 64.9 cm and 32.7 cm respectively.
There is a huge variation in the mean annual rainfall
over the entire Rajasthan state. The extreme western parts of Jaisalmer
districts receives the rainfall less than 10cm wherein the south-eastern parts
of Rajasthan receives the rainfall more than 100 cm, which is 10 time more of
earlier.
The southern and south-eastern districts, Jhalawar and
Banswara, receive the maximum rainfall in the state, which is about 120 cm.
The southern and south-eastern districts Kota, Baran,
Jhalawar, Baswara, Pratapgarh and Udaipur and Mount Abu region of the Rajasthan
receive the rainfall more than 100 cm.
The districts of Eastern plains
i.e. Bharatpur, Dholpur, Kota, Bundi, Sawai Madhopur, North-west Udaipur,
South-east Tonk and Chittorgarh receive the 60-80 cm rainfall.
The districts of Aravalli Range i.e. Alwar, Japur,
Ajmer, Pali, Jalore, Eastern parts of Nagaur and Jhunjhunu and north-west part
of Tonk, Bhilwara and Sirohi receive the 40-60 cm rainfall.
The districts, Shri Ganganagar, Hanumangarh, Churu,
Southern Barmer, Eastern parts of Bikaner and Jodhpur and western parts of
Pali, Jalore, Sikar, Nagaur and Jhunjhunu receive the 20-40 cm rainfall.
The districts or western Rajasthan, Thar Desert, i.e.
Jaisalmer, Hanumangarh, Eastern Barmer, Southern Shri Ganganagar and Western
Bikaner and Jodhpur receive the rainfall less than 20cm.
The maximum rainfall in the state is received in the
Southern or South- Eastern districts of the state. On the west of Aravalli
hills Pali and Jalore districts receive maximum amount of rain of 50 cm and 43
cm in West Rajasthan.
In the North or North-Western districts Jaisalmer
district receives the lowest rainfall. Bikaner, Ganganagar, Jaisalmer receive
annual rainfall of 26cm, 24cm and 17cm respectively. The adjoining areas of
these districts constitute the driest zone of the state.
The lowest recorded annual rainfall in the past 100
years i.e. between 1900 and 2010 was 24 mm in the western Rajasthan and whereas
it was never below 120 mm in the eastern Rajasthan.
The geographical diversity of the state causes varied
weather conditions even during same season. However, Rajasthan has four
distinct weather seasons:
1. The Hot
weather season (March to Mid June)
2. The Season of
general Rains or Rainy Season (June to September)
3. The Season of
Retreating Monsoon (October – November)
4. The Cold Season
(December to February)
The Hot Weather Season
The Hot whether season
starts with movement of Sun toward the Tropic of Cancer in March. It ends in
the month of June-July, when rainy seasons starts. In the months, the Sun
overhead tropic of cancer so the temperature is Maximum in the month of June.
The mean temperature of Rajasthan at this time is 38-39°C. However, the maximum
temperature in western districts reaches at 45-50°C in day and minimum
temperature 15-16°C.
The difference in temperature in sandy
region is generally found 32-35°C. The Aravalli Range has lower temperature
(30°C) due to its high elevation.
Due to high temperature, the surface
becomes very hot. Due to this, the hot and dry winds, known as ‘Loo’,
blow from west to east direction.
Dry and hot winds known as ‘Loo’, blow in the
afternoon, and very often, they continue to well into midnight. Dust storms in
the evening are very common in May for south-eastern areas and in June for
north-western part of state.
Average Mean Temperature:
The maximum daily temperature in the western parts of Marusthali mainly at
Bikaner, Phalodi, Barmer, and Jaisalmer goes upto 40-45 deg C.
Rainfall: Sometimes, the
dust storms bring a welcome respite from the oppressing heat since they bring
with them light rains and a pleasant cool breeze.
The Season of General
Rains or Rainy Season
Due to high temperature in
India in May – June, a center of low air pressure is created in the west and
north-west India. While is temperature is low in Southern Hemisphere at this
time, creates the high air pressure region.
The low air pressure
created in the west and north-west India becomes so strong that it attracts the
trade wind of Indian ocean coming from Southern hemisphere.
This southeast trade wind
passes over the equatorial warm currents and brings the moisture in abundance.
Then these winds enter the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea and caught in the air
circulation over India.
These trade winds follow
the south-west direction. So monsoon created by these winds is known as
South-west monsoons.
However these branches tries
to reach low air pressure area, west and north-west India, the Rajasthan gets
very less rainfall because of the following reasons:-
The Bay of Bengal
branch already gives up its moisture during its passage through Ganga plain.
Further, as Aravali range stretches from south-west to north-east direction, so
western part of Rajasthan lies in leeward side of the Bay of Bengal branch and
receives little or no rain from this branch.
The same Aravalli Range
lies parallel to the direction of Arabian Sea branch and fails to interrupt
this branch of monsoon. However, in the southern Aravallis, the mountains have
slight east-west span thus Mount Abu in south receives highest rainfall.
The Season of Retreating
Monsoon
The Months of October and November are known for
Retreating Monsoons and it withdraws from Rajasthan, Gujarat, Western
Ganga plain and the Central Highlands by the end of the month.
By the end of
September, the southwest monsoon becomes weak as the low Pressure trough of the
Ganga plain starts Moving Southward in response to the Southward Movement of
the Sun.
After 22nd September, the Sun begins to overhead in Southern
Hemisphere. Due to this high air pressure area is created in southern
hemisphere and low air pressure area in north and north-west India and due to
this air Pressure difference, the monsoon retreat from western Rajasthan by the
month of October.
The retreating south-west monsoon season is marked by
clear sky and rise in temperature. The land is still moist. Due to this
high temperature and humidity, the weather becomes oppressive. This Process is commonly
known as ‘October heat’.
Average Mean Temperature:
The temperature maximum ranging from 33-37 deg C and minimum ranging from 18 –
22 deg C.
The Cold Weather Season
This Season starts from December and continuous till
February.
Average Mean Temperature:
Ranges from 12 deg. C in North of State to 16 deg. C in the south in January.
Due to high air pressure in west and north-west India
and low air pressure in Indian Ocean, the air flow from west and north-west
India to Indian Ocean.
During this time, the north-western parts of India get
the rainfall from shallow cyclonic depressions originating over the East
Mediterranean Sea. This rainfall is also called ‘Mavath’.
During the cold season, the sun migrates to the
southern hemisphere and creates high-pressure condition over the northern
plain. As a result, winds start blowing from northwestern high pressure zone to
the low air pressure zone over the Indian Ocean in the South.
shallow cyclonic depressions at certain time interval originating over the
East Mediterranean Sea and travelling eastwards across West Asia,
Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan before they reach the northwestern parts of
India. On their way, the moisture content gets augmented from the Caspian Sea
in the north and the Persian Gulf in the south.
Climate
is the statistics of weather over long periods of time. It is measured
by assessing the patterns of variation in temperature, humidity, atmospheric
pressure, wind, precipitation, atmospheric particle count and other
meteorological variables in a given region over long periods of time.
Climatology
or climate science is the scientific study of climate, scientifically defined
as weather conditions averaged over a period of time. This modern field of
study is regarded as a branch of the atmospheric sciences and a subfield of
physical geography which is one of the Earth sciences.
Rajasthan Action Plan on
Climate Change (RAPCC) builds on the key areas as
identified Under the CCAR by prioritizing urgent areas of action in a phased
and time-bound manner and it is in coherence with the Rajasthan State
Environment Policy and Environment Mission while the RAPCC primarily focuses on
risk reduction and adaptation measures. It also looks in to the co-benefits
offered by specific strategies in the form of mitigation.
Task
Force Constitution: The Rajasthan State Government
established a ‘Climate Change and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Cell’
in the Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board (RSPCB) to act as a nodal agency
for coordinating issues related to climate change in the state. The Cell was
constituted in April 2010 and was involved in the drafting of the CCAR. A
Steering Committee has also been formed, headed by the Chief Secretary and
Principal Secretaries of various key departments as members to monitor the
implementation of various actions proposed under the Rajasthan Environment
Mission. The state of Rajasthan has constituted a team to review the
implementation of the Environment Mission. The composition of the Environment Mission
includes:-
Chairperson: Chief
Minister
Convener: Principal Secretary, Environment
Members: Ministers of the
under-mentioned departments, Chief Secretary, Principal Secretaries and
Secretaries in-charge of the under mentioned departments:
1. Environment
2. Forests
3. Mines and Petroleum
4. Industries
5. Water Resources
6. Command Area
Development
7. Agriculture
8. Urban Governance
9. Transport
10. Energy, renewable
energy
11. Science and Technology
12. Plan
13. Finance
14. Policy Planning
The Steering Committee
is chaired by the Chief Secretary, headed by the Principal Secretary of Environment
and members from each designated department mentioned above. The Steering
Committee includes participation from the non-governmental bodies. Their role
is to review the implementation of each of the mission. For the implementation
of the environment policy, Rajasthan environment mission and climate change agenda
task forces have been constituted for different sectors viz.,
1. Industry
2. Water
3. Forestry and
bio-diversity
4. Urban governance and
sustainable habitat
5. Enhanced energy
efficiency including solar energy
6. Strategic knowledge for
climate change
The climate of Rajasthan
state has varied contrasts. Different experts, each with their own focus
parameters have divided Rajasthan into different climatic regions.
However, three main
approaches to climatic regions of Rajasthan are:
Climatic
regions of Rajasthan based on rainfall intensity
Koeppen’s
classification of climatic regions of Rajasthan
Thornthwaite’s
classification of climatic regions of Rajasthan
1. Climatic Regions of Rajasthan based on
rainfall intensity
The distribution of climatic regions of Rajasthan on the basis of rainfall and temperature variations includes following divisions:
Arid Region: A region is arid when it is characterized by a
severe lack of available water to the extent of hindering or preventing the
growth and development of plant and animal life. Arid land or an arid climate
is very dry because it has very little rain Water
The Arid region includes Jaisalmer
district, northern parts of Barmer, western of the Phalodi Tehsil of
Jodhpur, western parts of Bikaner and Southern parts of Ganganagar district and
climate of the region is very severe and arid.
Rainfall
less than 10 cm in extreme west parts of regions and rest areas record less
than 20 cm rainfall.
The
average temperature during summer is recorded more than 35degree C and during
winters it ranges in between 12 DegC to 16 Deg Celsius.
Semi-arid Region: A
semi-arid climate or steppe climate is the climate of a region that receives
precipitation below potential evapotranspiration but not as low as a desert climate;
Semi-arid regions are those where rainfall is not enough to cover the growth
needs of the vegetation all year round. That is aridity index
(rainfall/potential evapotranspiration) is below 0.5 per cent.
The average temperature
during winter season ranges between 10 deg C and 17 deg C and the summer season
temperature range 32 deg C to 37 deg C.
As
the region has erratic as well as torrential rainfall it brings floods too each
time and rainfall ranges 20 to 40 cm.
The
winter season is very short and arid in the northern parts of this region.
This
region comprises the western parts of Ganganagar, Hanumangarh, Jodhpur and
Barmer districts.
Sub-humid Region:
Regions where moisture in normally less than under humid conditions but
still sufficient for the production of many agricultural crops without
irrigation or drylands farming.
In the semi arid humid
region, rainfall is meager and the amount of rainfall is limited to a few
monsoon months only.
The
rainfall is between 40 to 60 cm and the average temperature during summer
season ranges from 28 Deg to 34 Deg C whereas it is recorded 12 Deg C in
northern parts and 18 Deg C in the southern parts.
Alwar,
Jaipur, Dausa and Ajmer, eastern parts of Jhunjhunu, Sikar, Pali and Jalore
districts, north-western parts of Tonk, Bhilwara and Sirohi
districts are included in this category.
This
region has Steppe type of vegetation.
Humid Region: A
humid continental climate is a climatic region defined as large seasonal
temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes
severely cold in the northern areas) winters. This region receives winter
rainfall associated with cyclones along with monsoon season rainfall which
varies from 60 to 80 cm and the deciduous trees dominate the region.
Humid region is found at the districts of
Bharatpur, Dholpur, Sawai Madhopur, Bundi, Kota, Barmer and Rajsamand and the
north-eastern parts of Udaipur.
Very Humid Region:
Very humid region includes south-east Kota, Baran and Jhalawar, Banswara,
south-west Udaipur and adjacent areas of Mt. Abu. Here, the summers are very
hot and winters are cold and dry.
Rainfall received is between 80 cm to
150 cm, which is mostly during the rainy season. Monsoon Savanna
type of vegetation is present in the region.
2. Koeppen’s Classification of climatic
regions of Rajasthan
Koeppen’s classification
for the world climatic regions is totally based on the vegetation, as the
effects of temperature and rainfall are directly evident and visible it. Here, the
three categories are associated with Tropical climates, Dry (arid and semiarid)
climates and Mild temperate climates respectively.
The classification of Rajasthan according to Koeppen’s is as follows:
Aw or Tropical Humid
Region–
Winter
season is arid and cool whereas summers experience scorching heat.
Rainfall
also mainly occurs in summer season.
The
temperature is more than 18 deg. C in the coldest month records.
The
southern parts of Dungarpur district and Banswara come under the region.
Arid
tropical grasslands and Savanna like region are found along with deciduous
trees of monsoon type.
Bshw
Climatic Region–
Vegetation
is of steppe type characterized with thorny bushes and grasses.
Region
comprises the districts of Barmer, Jalore, Jodhpur, Nagaur, Churu, Sikar,
Jhunjhunu and Hanumangarh.
This
climatic region is semi-arid, where winters are dry and even in summers there
is no sufficient amount of rainfall.
Bwhw
Climatic Region
The
region has arid-hot desert climate with very scanty rainfall.
On
the contrary the process of evaporation is very active.
North-western
Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, western Bikaner and western parts of Ganganagar district
are included in this category.
Thus,
these areas are known as desert region limited to western parts of Thar Desert.
Cwg Climatic Region
The
south-eastern areas of Aravalli are the part of the region.
Seasonal
winds do not bring rains to this region during winters.
Aravalli: The
Aravalli Range is a range of mountains running approximately 692 km in a
southwest direction, starting in North India from Delhi and passing through
southern Haryana, through to Western India across the states of Rajasthan and
ending in Gujarat.
The principal and most
dominant mountain range of Rajasthan is the Aravalli range. The geological
history of the Aravalli range can be traced back probably close of the Dharwar
times.
Rajasthan is the largest
state in the Union of India and has more physical variations than any other
state. It has regions of rolling sand dunes in the west to lofty rocks in the
middle to fertile plains in the east. This range runs diagonally across the
state from northeast near delhi and extends to southwest up to the Plains of
Gujarat for a distance of about 692 km. The range runs from Khetri in
the northeast to Khed Brahma in the Southwest within Rajasthan for a length of
about 550 kilometers. It is composed of rocks belonging originally to the Delhi
system, folded in a synclinorium occupying the site of the geosynclines which
have been deeply eroded.
The whole of this Aravalli
range and Hilly Region has been further subdivided into two physiographic
units:
(i) Aravali Range and
Bhorat Plateau
This division constitutes
east Sirohi, nearly the whole of Udaipur except a narrow belt in the east and
whole of Dungarpur district.
The highest section of the
Aravalli range known as ‘Bhorat’ Plateau lies northwest of Udaipur
between Kumbhalgarh – Gogunda and the average elevation of this plateau is
1,225 metres.
(ii) North-Eastern Hilly
Tract
Northern edge of Bhorat plateau
marks the boundary of north eastern hilly tract in the southwest. North of
Kumbhalgarh, especially at the Alwar hills the elevation varies between 550m to
670m.
Further north and
northeast, the hills are broken and their elevation decreases in the final
extension of hills south of delhi to about 306m above sea level. This level is
about 60m to 90m above the surrounding plain.
The eastern part along the Chambal River is covered by the Hadoti plateau. Four districts Kota, Baran, Bundi and Jhalawar are the part of this plateau. The Great Boundary Fault of the Aravallis forms its northwest boundary which extends eastward across the Rajasthan border. River Chambal drains in the large part of this area.
This
region locally called Pathar and Uppermal
It
comprises of the eastern & south-eastern part of the state & is known
as Hadoti.
Bhilwara,
Bundi, Kota, Baran and Jhalawar are the districts contain about 9.6% of the
area of whole Rajasthan.
East
of the plateau has a general slope toward Gwalior & catchment of Betwa
river
The
eastern, southern and south-west part bordered with Madhya pradesh.
The
Plateau has been divided into two units
(a) Vindhyan Scrap Land
The scarp lands formed by
massive sandstones separated by shale have an average elevation between 350m to
580m. The scarps are facing towards the south-southeast between the Banas and
the Chambal and then it extend towards the east over Bundelkhand. A scarp block
occupies the areas of Dholpur and Karauli. The region presents an
undulating topography strewn with blocks, depressions and boulders.
(b) Deccan Lava Plateau
The Deccan Lava Plateau is also known as Pathar or Uppermal plateau. It is a wide stony upland including Kota-Bundi plateau section. The Chambal along with its tributaries Kali Sindh and Parbati form a triangular alluvial basin of 210m-275m at Kota and mostly black soil found in this region.
It gives me immense pleasure in presenting the Geography of Rajasthan book, useful for the students of Graduate and the candidates appearing in Rajasthan Competitive Examinations conducted by RPSC and Rajasthan Subordinate Board, Universities and Government Departments.
This book deals with the relevant features and topics of geographical landscape of Rajasthan in a systematic and comprehensive manner by the use of simple and concise language for easy and quick understanding. Varied topics covered are Physiography, climate, soil, livestock, minerals, Agriculture, transportation, Census, wildlife, drainage and other important topics by latest available data/diagrams. I hope that the readers will find this book user friendly and helpful in preparation of their examinations. I look forwarded to have the views, comment, suggestions and criticism from readers which would definitely help in further improvement of the Book.
Wish you happy reading and best wishes for the examinations.
(1)Rivers that drain in the Bay of Bengal: Chambal River, Parwati- Kalisindh-Chambal link, Banas River, Banas River Basin, Kali Sindh River, Parvati River, Berach River, Mez River, Vapani (Bahyani) River, Gambhiri River, Banganga River (2) Rivers that drain into the Arabian Sea: Luni River, Mahi River, Sabarmati River (3) Inland Rivers: Inland River/Drainage, Kantali River, Sota Sabi River, Kakani or Kakneya River, Ghaghar River (4)Other Rivers: Khari River, Dai River, Dheel River, Morel River, Kalisil River, Sarasvati and Drishadvati: Ancient Indian River
(1) Salt Water Lakes: Sambhar Lake, Didwana, Pachpadra, Lunkaransar Lake (2)Fresh (Sweet) Water Lake:Jaisamand , Rajsamand , Pichhola, Fateh Sagar , Anasagar , Pushkar Lake, Siliserh Lake, NLCP in Rajasthan
Major Irrigation Projects: Chambal Project, Mahi Bajaj Sagar Project, Bhakra Nangal Canal Project, Narmada Project, Bilasalpur Project (1986-87), Indira Gandhi Canal Project, Irrigation system of Rajasthan, Sources of Irrigation: Wells and Tube wells, Tank Irrigation, Canal Irrigation, electric pumps, Persian Wheel
Rajasthan crop seasons-Rabi, Kharif, Pearl millet, technological interventions, Chickpea, Guar, Rapeseed-mustard, Groundnut, Fodder, Aonla, Ber
7. Mineral resources
(1) Metallic Minerals – Types, Distribution and Industrial uses and their Conservation
(2) Non-Metallic Minerals – Types, Distribution and Industrial uses and their Conservation (3) Other Minerals
8. Energy Resources
Classification of Power Resources, Conventional: Thermal (Coal, Oil & Gas), Hydro, Atomic, Non-Conventional: Solar, Wind, Biogas, Biomass, Tidal, Geo-thermal, Distribution of major power resources of Rajasthan, Hydrocarbon Basin, power plants and major projects, schemes, Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy.
9. Population and Tribes
Rajasthan Population -2011, Religious Data, Urban Population, Metropolitan/City Population, Population density, District-wise Population Data, Scheduled Caste population by sex and residence, Sex Ratio among Scheduled Castes, Percentage of Scheduled Castes, Tribe population, Percentage of Scheduled Tribes, Population Glossary, Tribes in Rajasthan: Bhil, Bheel, Garasia, Dholi Bhil, Dungri Bhil, Dungri Garasia, Mewasi Bhil, Rawal Bhil, Tadvi Bhil, Bhagalia, Bhilala, Pawra, Vasava, Vasave, Mina, Meena, Bhil Mina, Customs and ornaments, Food of Bhils, Social life and tradition, Art and culture, Garasia tribe, Customs and ornaments, Social life and tradition, Meena/Mina Tribes, Sahariya tribes, Programmes for development of Tribes, Manikya lal verma Research institute, Banvasi Kalyan Parishad, Tribal Sub-Plan Area Scheme, IRDP, Modified Area Development Programme, Some other Programmes for tribe’s development:
(b) Semi-Arid Transitional
Plains or Rajasthan Bagar
Luni Basin or Godwar Tract
Plain of Interior Drainage or Sekhawati
Tract
Western Sandy Plain
The western Plain covers a
large part of Rajasthan in the west and the northwest of the Aravalli axis. Its
northern boundary is marked by Punjab and the southwest by Gujarat and the
western boundary is the international boundary between India and Pakistan. The
eastern boundary of the western sandy plain is marked by the Aravalli range’s
western sub-montane zone up to the northern point of Udaipur district. Beyond
which the boundary is marked by the great Indian watershed and 50cm isohyets.
The surface of western
Rajasthan is covered with vast stretches of sand occasionally interrupted by
rocky protruding right up to the Pakistan border.
The Northwestern division
is sandy, poorly watered and sterile. The Rajasthan desert in the west has been
subdivided into several natural regions because of the Aravalli hills and the
rocky terrain of Barmer-Jaisalmer-Bikaner tract.
Bikaner, Jaisalmer,
Barmer, Hanumangarh, Sriganganagar, Jalore, Sirohi, Pali, Jodhpur, Nagaur,
Churu, Jhunjhunu and Sikar district are part of western sandy
plain and the Luni, Sukri & Jawai rivers flow in rainy season in this area.
Its eastern portion is
known as Thar desert which is perfectly dry & with desert Plants and
Western Sandy Plain & Pakistan face each other across International
boundary for about 1070 Km.
The Western Sandy Plains
are subdivided into two units:
(a) Sandy Arid Plain:
Minimum rainfall- 50 Cm
There are vast expanses of
sand & rock outcrops mainly limestone are found in Jaisalmer, Barmer,
Bikaner, Churu, Hanumangarh and Sriganganagar.
It further divided in two
small sub groups:
1. Marusthali
2. Dune Free Tract
1.
Marusthali – (Thar Desert)
It covered Bikaner, Barmer, Jaisalmer,
Jodhpur, Nagaur and Churu Area
Height of sand dunes varies from 6 m to 60
m
Length of sand dunes – 3 km to 5 km
Towards west this sandy arid Marushthali is
known as Thar Desert.
The Shifting of sand dunes is locally terms
as Dharians.
What are dunes? Explain
different type of dunes.
Dunes: In geography, a dune is a hill of loose sand built by Aeolian processes (wind) or the flow of water. Dunes occur in different shapes and sizes, formed by interaction with the flow of air or water.
1.
Longitudinal Dunes
These are mostly run from south west to
north east
Parallel to the prevailing winds &
mostly sword-shaped type.
Its Longer axis is parallel to the
direction of wind
2. Transverse Dunes
These types of dunes are formed across the
wind direction.
Commonly found in eastern & northern
parts of Marusthali.
Windward side is long & gently sloping,
while leeward side is steep and abrupt.
These are also called U-shaped
dunes.
3. Crescent Shaped Dunes
The Width of these types of dunes varies
from 100 m to 200 m height of dunes-10 m to 20 m.
The dunes have a gently sloping convex
windward side & steep leeward
These are found in isolation or
occasionally side by side in lines.
2. Dune Free Tract
It is rocky but dune free tract.
Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Phalodi & Pokhran
are known as dune free areas.
Limestone & Sandstone rocks exposes
here belong to Jurassic & Eocene formations.
Gneiss, Grid conglomerate, schist &
granite rocks are also exposed at places.
(b) Semi-Arid Transitional
Plain or Rajasthan Bagar
The line dividing the
Sandy Arid Plains and the Semi-Arid Transitional Plain is climatic, i.e. 25cm
isohyets. The western-most belt which is ‘The Great Desert’ is covered
by sand dunes which stretch from the Great Rann along the Pakistan border to
Punjab. The degree and extent of sand dunes greatly influence the economic
activity in this area. 63 per cent sand dune area of Rajasthan is
concentrated in the desert districts of Barmer, Jaisalmer and Bikaner.
Gullying has given rise to conglomerate
landscape. Its eastern part is covered with superficial sand deposits.
Towards north lies the Shekhawati tract which is semi arid transitional plain characterized by inland drainage & stream with salt lakes. Ghaggar Plain lies in extreme north.
Semi-Arid Transitional Plain or Rajasthan Bagar divided into:
1. Luni Basin: This
area is locally known as Naid and is one of best alluvial plains and
flood occurs during the rainy season in Luni River.
The Luni River originates
from western slopes of Naga hills of Aravalli Range near Ana sagar lake,
Ajmer. Barmer, Jalore, Jodhpur and Nagaur districts are part of this basin and the
total Area is 34866 .4 Sq. Km.
Basin is drained by the
Luni river & its tributaries Bandi, Saagi, etc. Covers the area from its
source to Tilwara in Barmer where Sukari river meets it.
2. Shekhawati Region: Aravalli
hills runs through this region from south to north, cutting into almost two
halves and Churu, Sikar, Jhunjhunu & Nagaur districts are part of this
region; the main occupation of this region is live stock, Milk production
& dairy.
Topography of the
Shekhawati tracts is characterized by an undulating sandy terrain traversed by
longitudinal sand dunes. Kantli is the only seasonal river.
3. Ghaggar Plain: Hanumangarh
& Sriganganagar districts are part of this plain. There is no stream or
river except Ghaggar Nali which flows through the ancient bed of Ghaggar river
which is now extinct; this region is known as Ghaggar Plain. This plain
is a sandy plain interspersed with sand-dunes &small sand-hills. A large
part of it is dreary & full of sand dunes. Northern part of this region is
fully canalled & thus is made productive. Sand ridge dunes are found
on the bank of ancient rivers height of sand ridge dunes-6 m to 30 m.
4. Nagauri Upland: Average
height of this region from sea level is 300 m to 500 meter and the rainfall in
this region is 25 cm in west to 50 cm in east. This region is full of sand
hills & low depressions and the temperature being high, the
evaporation of the saline flood water results in the deposits of the Salt &
Soda in the depression.
This is very useful for all competitive exams; Rajasthan Public Service Commission RAS/RTS Prelims and Mains, Rajasthan subordinate exams, Lecturer, Teachers, SI, LDC etc.
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UPSC and State PSC Prelims Exam Indian Geography Question Bank
Q.1) With respect to the chemical composition of
earth’s layers consider the following statements:
1. The continental crust is thicker in the areas of
major mountain systems.
2. Oceanic crust is thinner as compared to the
continental crust.
3. The lower mantle extends beyond the asthenosphere.
It is in solid state.
4. Core has the heaviest mineral materials of highest
density.
5. Gutenberg Discontinuity – lies between the mantle
and the outer core.
Which of the following statements are correct?
a) Only 1,2,3,4
b) Only 1,3,4,5
c) Only 2,3,4,5
d) All of the above
Solution (d)
Q.2) Consider the following statements regarding The
Paleomagnetism:
1. Some of the strongest evidence in support of the
theory of seafloor spreading and plate tectonics comes from studying the
magnetic fields surrounding oceanic ridges.
2. Rocks formed from underwater volcanic activity were
mainly basalt, which is rich in silica and low in iron.
3. Basalt contains magnetic minerals and as the rock is
solidifying, these minerals align themselves in the direction of the magnetic
field.
4. When Earth’s magnetic field undergoes a reversal,
the polarity recorded in the magma remains same.
Which of the above statements are correct?
a) Only 1, 3, 4
b) Only 2, 3, 4
c) Only 2, 4
d) Only 1, 3
Solution (d)
Q.3) In February 2017 the Barren Island saw another
huge volcanic eruption and filled the sea with red lava fountains jutting out
of the crater. Consider the following statements regarding it:
1. It is home to Asia’s and India’s only active volcano.
2. The volcano here was dormant for a long time, but in
the year 1991 it experienced an explosion which was quite major.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
a) Only 1
b) Only 2
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
Solution (b)
Q.4) Consider the following statements regarding volcanic
eruption:
1. After the eruption of magma has ceased, the crater
frequently turns into a lake called a ‘caldera’.
2. Oregan Lake in USA is the largest volcanic Crater
Lake in the world.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
a) Only 1
b) Only 2
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
Solution (a)
Q.5) Consider following regarding diastrophism:
1. Diastrophism includes orogeny, epeirogeny,
earthquake, plate tectonics and seafloor spreading.
2. Orogenic processes involves mountain building
through severe folding and affecting long and narrow belts of the earth’s
crust.
3. Epeirogenic processes involving uplift or warping of
large parts of the earth’s crust.
4. Epeirogeny is a mountain building process whereas
Orogeny is continental building process.
Which of the above statements are correct?
a) Only 1, 2
b) Only 1, 4
c) Only 1, 3
d) Only 2, 3
Solution (d)
Q.6) CCEA approves survey project of Un-appraised Areas
of Sedimentary Basins. Consider the following statements regarding it:
1. Sedimentary basin is a low area in the Earth’s
crust, of tectonic origin, in which sediments accumulate and are confined to
small area of ocean basin.
2. The project will be implemented by Oil India Limited
(OIL) and Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC).
3. India has total 26 sedimentary basins spread over on-land,
shallow water and deep water.
4. More than 50 percent of total sedimentary basin area
does not have adequate geoscientific data.
Which of the following options are true?
a) 1, 2 and 3
b) 1 and 3
c) 2 and 3
d) All of the above
Solution (c)
Q.7) Consider the following statements regarding Sinkhole/Swallow
Hole:
1. Sinkholes are triangular shaped depressions having
an average depth of three to nine metres.
2. These holes are developed by enlargement of the
cracks found in such rocks, as a result of continuous solvent action of the
river water.
3. The surface streams which sink disappear underground
through swallow holes.
Which of the above statements is/are incorrect?
a) Only 1, 2
b) Only 2, 3
c) Only 1, 3
d) Only 1
Solution (a)
Q.8) which lake has now made it to the Limca Book of
Records for having India’s largest floating island?
a) Kolleru lake
b) Vembanad lake
c) Pangong lake
d) Hebbagodi Lake
Solution (d)
Q.9) Consider the following statements regarding island
arc formation:
1. In Ocean – Ocean Convergence, a denser oceanic plate
sub ducts below a less dense oceanic plate forming a trench along the boundary.
2. As the ocean floor crust (oceanic plate) loaded with
sediments sub ducts into the softer asthenosphere, the rocks on the continental
side in the subduction zone become metamorphosed under high pressure and
temperature.
3. A continuous upward movement of magma creates
constant volcanic eruptions at the ocean floor.
4. Such volcanic landforms all along the boundary form
a chain of volcanic islands which are collectively called as Island Arcs
Which of the above statements are correct?
a) Only 1, 2, 3
b) Only 2, 3, 4
c) Only 1, 3, 4
d) All of the above
Solution (d)
Q.10) what is the name of the India had launched to
provide assistance to earthquake and tsunami victims in Indonesia recently?
a) Operation Samudra Shakti
b) Operation Samudra Maitri
c) Operation Samudra Ekta
d) None of the above
Q.10) Solution (b)
Explanation:
India had launched massive humanitarian operation
Samudra Maitri to provide assistance to earthquake and tsunami victims in
Indonesia.
Q.11) With respect to seismic waves consider the
following statements:
1. P-waves move faster and are the first to arrive at
the surface.
2. A secondary wave cannot pass through liquids or
gases.
3. They are low frequency, long wavelength, and
transverse vibration.
Which of the above statements is/are incorrect?
a) Only 1
b) Only 2
c) Only 3
d) None of the above
Solution (d)
Q.12) Consider following statements regarding
continental drift theory:
1. Continental drift refers to the movement of the
continents relative to the ocean floor.
2. Gravity of the earth, buoyancy of the seas and the
tidal currents were given as the main factors causing the drift, by Wegener.
3. One criticism of this theory is Continental Drift
Theory shifts India’s position too much to the south, distorting its relation
with the Mediterranean Sea and the Alps.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
a) Only 1, 2
b) Only 2, 3
c) Only 1, 3
d) All of the above
Solution (b)
Q.13) Consider the following statements regarding fold
mountains:
1. Fold mountains are formed when sedimentary rock
strata in geosynclines are subjected to tangential forces.
2. They are the loftiest mountains and they are
generally concentrated along continental margins
3. The Aravali Range in India is the oldest fold
mountain systems in the India.
Which of the above statements is/are incorrect?
a) Only 2
b) Only 2,3
c) Only 1
d) All of the above
Solution (c)
Q.14) Consider following statements regarding marine
erosional landforms:
1. Sea Cliff is shoreline marked by a steep bank.
2. When waves from opposite directions strike a narrow
wall of rock, differential erosion of the rock leaves a bridge like structure
called Stack.
3. When a portion of the sea arch collapses, the
remaining column-like structure is called a sea arch.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
a) Only 1
b) 1 and 2
c) 2 and 3
d) All of the above
Solution (a)
Q.15) Consider the following statements regarding arid
landform:
1. In hill slope geomorphology, a gully is a narrow and
shallow channel cut into soil by the erosive action of flowing water.
2. A rill is a landform created by running water. Rills
resemble large ditches or small valleys, which are few metres to tens of metres
in depth and width.
3. A ravine is a landform narrower than a canyon and is
often the product of stream cutting erosion. Ravines are typically classified
as larger in scale than gullies, although smaller than valleys.
Which of the following statements is/are incorrect?
a) Only 1, 2
b) Only 2, 3
c) Only 1, 3
d) None of the above
Solution (a)
Q.16) Consider the following statements:
1. Granite is a typical example of intrusive rock
system.
2. Plutonic rocks are rocks formed by rapid cooling of
the lava thrown out during volcanic eruptions.
3. The Deccan traps in the peninsular region are of
basaltic origin.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
a) Only 1, 2
b) Only 2, 3
c) Only 1, 3
d) None of the above
Solution (c)
Q.17) Consider the following statement:
1. Peneplain refers to an undulating featureless plain
punctuated with low-lying residual hills of resistant rocks. It is considered
to be an end product of an erosional cycle.
2. The outer bend of the loop in a meander is
characterized by intensive erosion and vertical cliffs and is called the slip
off side. This side has a concave slope.
3. The inner side of the loop is characterized by
deposition, a gentle convex slope, and is called the cliff slope side.
Which of the following statements is/are incorrect?
a) Only 1, 2
b) Only 2, 3
c) Only 1, 3
d) None
Solution (b)
Q.18) Consider the following statements regarding Doklam
plateau:
1. Doklam is an area with a plateau and a valley, lying
between Tibet’s Chumbi Valley to the north, Bhutan’s Ha Valley to the east and
India’s Sikkim state to the west.
2. It has been depicted as part of Bhutan in the
Bhutanese maps since 1961, but it is also claimed by China.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
a) Only 1
b) Only 2
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
Solution (c)
Q.19) Consider following regarding glacial
depositional landforms:
1. The eskers resemble the features of an embankment
and are often used for making roads
2. Kame Terraces Are broken ridges or un-assorted
depositions looking like hump in a till plain
3. Drumlin are inverted boat-shaped deposition in a
till plain caused by deposition.
Which of the above statements is/are incorrect?
a) Only 1
b) 1 and 2
c) 2 and 3
d) None of the above
Solution (d)
Q.20) Consider following statements regarding batholiths:
1. Batholiths are large rock masses formed due to
cooling down and solidification of hot magma inside the earth.
2. They appear on the surface only after the denudation
processes remove the overlying materials.
3. Batholiths form the core of huge mountains and may
be exposed on surface after erosion.
Major landmarks in the History of Rajasthan from Pre-historic time to close of 18th Century, Important dynasties, their administrative and revenue system.
Salient events of 19th& 20th centuries: Peasant & Tribal Movements.
Political Awakening, Freedom Movement and Integration.
Heritage of Rajasthan: Performing & fine Art, Handicraft and Architecture; Fairs, Festivals, Folk Music and Folk Dance
Important works of Rajasthani Literature and Dialects of Rajasthan.
Saints , Lok Devtas and eminent personalities of Rajasthan
Major Sectors of Economy: Agriculture, Industry & Service- Current Status, Issues and Initiatives
Banking: Concept of Money supply & High Powered Money. Role and Functions of Central Bank & Commercial Banks, issues of NPA, Financial Inclusion. Monetary Policy- Concept, objectives & Instruments
Public Finance: Tax reforms in India- Direct & Indirect, subsidies- Cash Transfer and other related issues. Recent Fiscal Policy of India
Recent Trends in Indian Economy: Role of Foreign Capital, MNCs, PDS, FDI, Exim Policy, 12th Finance Commission, Poverty alleviation schemes.
Part B- World Economy
Global Economic issues and trends: Role of World Bank, IMF & WTO.
Concept of Developing, Emerging and Developed countries.
Development of Sociological Thought in India Social Values
Caste Class & Occupation
Sanskritization
Varna, Ashram, Purusharthas and Sanskar Vyavastha
Secularism
Issues and Problems of Society.
Tribal community of Rajasthan: Bhil, Mina (Meena) and Garasia.
Part B- Management
Management – Scope, concept, functions of Management – Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Direction, Coordination and Control, Decision-Making: concept, process and techniques.
Modern concept of Marketing, Marketing Mix Product, Price, Place and Promotion
Objective, concept of maximization of wealth, Sources of Finance – Short and Long term, Capital Structure, Cost of Capital
Concept and Main theories of Leadership and Motivation, Communication
Basics of recruitment, selection, induction, training & development and appraisal system
Part C- Business Administration
Techniques of analysis of Financial statements, Basics of Working Capital Management
Responsibility and Social Accounting Meaning
Objectives of Auditing, Internal Control, Social, Performance and Efficiency Audit. Basics of different types of Budgeting, Budgetary control
Ethics and Human Values: Lesson from lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and administrators. Role of family, society and educational institutions in inculcating values.
Ethical concept-Rit and Rin, concept of Duties, concept of Good and Virtues.
Ethics in private and public relationships- Behaviour, Moral and Political attitudes of administrators – Philosophical basis of Integrity.
Ethics of Bhagavad Geeta and its role in Administration.
Gandhian Ethics.
Contribution of Moral Thinkers and Philosophers from India.
Psycho-Stress Management.
Case Studies.
Emotional Intelligence – Concepts and their Utilities.
Nanotechnology: -Concept and its application; Nano Mission of India.
Nuclear technology: – Basic concept, radioactivity and its applications, different types of nuclear reactors, civilian and military uses. Institutional structure for development of nuclear technology in India.
Telecommunication :- Basic concept, Telecom application for socio-economic development of masses, Indian telecom industry with brief history, National
Telecom Policy and TRAI (Telecom Regulatory Authority of India)
Electromagnetic waves, communication systems, basics of computers, uses of information technology, e-governance and e-commerce in administration.
Defence :- Types of missiles with reference to the India Missile Programme;
Various chemical and biological weapons ; Role of DRDO in various fields
States of Matter
Allotropes of carbon.
pH Scale and importance of pH in daily life.
Corrosion and its prevention
Catalyst
Soap and Detergents – Cleansing action of soap.
Polymers and their uses
General awareness of digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory, coordination and reproductive system of Humans
Application of Biotechnology and concerned Ethical and Intellectual Property Right Issues.
Food and Human Health : General Awareness of Balanced and Unbalanced Food, Malnutrition, Intoxicants, Blood, Blood Group and Immunity (Antigen, Antibodies), Blood Transfusion, Immunization & Vaccination.
Human diseases: Communicable & Non Communicable Diseases, Acute and Chronic Diseases; Causes and Prevention of Infectious, Genetic and Lifestyle Disease.
Water quality and water purification.
Public Health Initiatives with special reference to the State of Rajasthan.
Contribution of Indian Scientists in Science and Technology.
Ecosystem: Structure and Function.
Atmosphere : Composition and Basic nutrient cycling (Nitrogen, Carbon and Water Cycles)
Climate Change; Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy.
Environmental Pollution and Degradation; Waste Management.
Biodiversity and its conservation with special reference to the state of Rajasthan.
Water Conservation with special reference to the Traditional Systems in the State of Rajasthan.
Agriculture, Horticulture, Forestry, Dairy and Animal Husbandry with special Reference to Rajasthan
Broad Physical Features: Mountains, Plateaus, Plains, Rivers and Lakes.
Major Physio-graphic Regions.
Natural Vegetation and Climate.
Livestock, Wildlife and its Conversation.
Agriculture- Major Crops.
Mineral Resources: (i) Metallic Minerals- Types, distribution and Industrial uses and their conservation. (ii)Non-Metallic Minerals- Types, distribution and Industrial uses and their conservation
Energy Resources: Conventional and Non-conventional
Political Dynamics: Role of Cast, Religion, Class, Ethnicity, Language and Gender in Indian Politics, Political Parties and Electoral Behaviour, Civil Society and Political Movement, Issues related to National Integrity and Security. Potential areas of Socio-Political conflicts
State Politics of Rajasthan: Party System, Political Demography, Different phases of Political competition in Rajasthan, Panchayati Raj and Urban self Government Institutions
Emerging World Order in the post Cold War era, USA’s hegemony and its resistance, UN and Regional Organizations, International Terrorism and Environmental issues.
Foreign Policy of India: Evolution, Determinants, India’s relations with USA, China, Russia and European Union, India’s role in UN, NAM, BRICS, G- 20, G- 77 and SAARC.
Geo-political and Strategic development in South Asia, South East Asia and West Asia and their impact on India.
Current Affairs: Current events, persons and places of Rajasthan, National and international importance, recent activities related to games and sports.
Unit II- Concepts, Issues and Dynamics of Public Administration and Management
Administration and management: Meaning, nature and significance. Its role in developed & developing societies. Evolution of Public Administration as a discipline, new public administration, Theories of public administration.
Concepts of power, authority, legitimacy, responsibility and delegation.
Principles of organization: Hierarchy, Span of control and unity of command
Functions of management, Corporate governance and social responsibility
New dimensions of public management, management of change.
Aptitude and foundational values of civil services: integrity, impartiality, and non partisanship, dedication to public service, relationship between generalists and specialists.
Legislative & Judicial control over administration: various methods and techniques of legislative & judicial control.
Administrative setup, administrative culture in Rajasthan: Governor, Chief Minister, Council of Ministers, State Secretariat and Chief Secretary.
District administration: organization, role of District Collector and Superintendent of Police, Sub-divisional and Tehsil administration.
Development Administration: Meaning, Scope and Characteristics.
State Human Rights Commission, State Election Commission, Lokayukta, Rajasthan Public Service Commission, Public Service Guarantee Act, 2011.
Intelligence: Cognitive intelligence, Social intelligence, Emotional intelligence, Cultural intelligence and Howard Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligence
Personality: Psychoanalytical theories, Trait and Type theories, Determinants of personality and Assessment of personality.
Learning and Motivation: styles of learning, Models of memory, causes of forgetting. Classification and types of motives, Theories of work motivation, Assessment of motivation
Meeting Life Challenges: Stress: Nature, type, Sources, Symptoms, Effects, Stress Management, Promotion of Positive health and well being.
Part C-Law
Concepts of Law: Ownership and possession, Personality, Liability, Rights and Duties.
Contemporary Legal issues: Right to information, Information technology law including cyber laws (concepts, purpose, prospects), Intellectual Property Rights (concepts, types, purpose, prospects)
Crimes against Women and Children: Domestic Violence, Sexual Harassment the work place, the protection of children from sexual offenses Act 2012, Laws related to child labour.
Important Land Laws in Rajasthan: Rajasthan Land Revenue Act, 1956; Rajasthan Tenancy Act, 1955
We are providing some free study notes/ebook/pdf for education purpose only and the material already available free online. if any objection please contact us – thesupermanreturns61@gmail.com
Where
globalization means as it so often does that the rich and powerful now have new
means to further enrich and empower themselves at the cost of the poorer and
weaker, we have a responsibility to protect in the name of universal freedom – Nelson
Mandela
Preface
I am presenting the
Geography of Rajasthan book for the students of Graduate and the candidates
appearing in Rajasthan Competitive Examinations conducted by RPSC and Rajasthan
Subordinate Board, Universities and Government Departments.
This book deals with the
relevant features and topics of geographical landscape of Rajasthan in a
systematic and comprehensive manner. Varied topics covered are Physiography,
climate, soil, livestock, minerals, Agriculture, transportation, Census,
forest, drainage and other important topics by latest available data/diagrams.
I have tried to avoid mistakes, if there is any minute mistakes in it please
comment and that will help to improve the book when a revised edition comes
out. It is honest hope that this book will prove useful for Aspirants.
RPSC RAS Mains Exam Practice Solved Questions as per Syllabus. we have covered the whole syllabus of RPSC RAS Mains Geography of Rajasthan in this eBook. 200+ Geography of Rajasthan Solved Questions in 50/100/250 Words.
Sample Questions:
Which are the Products obtained from forests of Rajasthan?
Write down on Instrumented Earthquakes in Rajasthan.
What is the catchment area of a river?
Write Notes about the Seismic Faults in Rajasthan.
Write down the list of Districts of Rajasthan touched the boundary with other States.
What causes temperature variation?
Describe the physical feature Aravali Range and Bhorat Plateau of Rajasthan.
How are the seasons formed?
What are the deposits of Beryllium in Rajasthan?
What is the difference between Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park?
What are dunes? Explain different type of dunes.
Describe Luni Basin area.
Why most of the world’s tropical deserts located on the Western margins of continents?
What are the Ghaggar Plains?
Describe the Eastern Plains of Rajasthan.
What do you know about Southeastern Rajasthan Pathar or Hadoti Plateau, Comment?
Describe the Southern Aravali Range and which the main hill ranges of it are?
The Climate Change Agenda task forces constituted for which sectors?
Climatic Regions of Rajasthan based on Rainfall Intensity
What is the difference between Reserved, Protected and Unclassified forest Areas?
Koeppen’s Classification of climatic regions of Rajasthan
What is the Rajasthan State Water Policy 2010?
What is the distribution of Rainfall in Rajasthan?
What are the features of humidity in Rajasthan?
Which factors affecting the climate of Rajasthan?
Describe the drainage system of Rajasthan.
Write short notes on Mez River
Write the name of Rajasthani Rivers that drain into the Arabian Sea.
K.S. Valdiya Committee report says Saraswati River did exist. What are the key points of this report?
Describe the Salt Water Lakes of Rajasthan.
Write in brief about Fateh Sagar Lake.
What is the definition and features of national park?
Describe the Ranthambore National Park
What is Soil Health Card (SHC) scheme?
Will the farmer get a card every year and for every crop?
What is a soil test laboratory?
Who and Where will the soil sample be tested?
What is the Classification and problems of Soils of Rajasthan?
Write about Indira Gandhi Canal Project.
Which are the deposits of Gypsum in Rajasthan?
Write about the Rajasthan’s two principal crop seasons.
How Aravalli hills are formed?
Write the features and motives of first biological Park of Rajasthan?
Which are the Highest and Low Density cities of Rajasthan as per Census 2011?
Write down the Flora and fauna of Thar Desert?
What is the Soil Classification of Rajasthan in detail?
Describe the physiographic character of Rajasthan and also mention the Importance of Aravali Mountain?
Describe the role of RICCO in the industrial development of Rajasthan
Write down the Introduction of Aravalli Range and Hilly Region.
Write down the detailed features and location of Major Dams in Rajasthan?
Describe the main source of power generation in Rajasthan?
How many villages have benefitted from the Mukhyamantri Jal Swavlamban Abhiyan?
53
Rajasthan is known for traditionally harvesting rain. Why do the communities
once again need to be made aware of the old systems under this initiative?
54.
Are corporate bodies contributing to this initiative? Crowd sourcing for such a
big scale initiative is new in India. What is the response from the
communities?
55.
How are the structures being maintained? How do you ensure the quality of the
structures constructed? Are the donors also tracking them?
56.
In which state is the Aravalli Range situated?
57.
What is solar energy? What are the Potential and Possibilities in Rajasthan?
58.
What is National Lake Conservation Plan? Background of NLCP
59.
Write down the Complete Notes on Humidity in Rajasthan?
60.
Describe the mains crop seasons in Rajasthan
61.
What are the Programmes for Dairy development in Rajasthan?
62.
What are the major crops of Rajasthan?
63.
Write notes on Indira Gandhi Canal of Rajasthan, which districts lies on it.
64.
Where is Tal Chappar Sanctuary and why it is famous for?
65.
Write Introduction of Southern Aravalli Region with its division?
66.
What are the Non-Conventional sources of energy in Rajasthan?
67.
Give a detailed explaination of the different regions of Rajasthan?
68.
Describe Longewala
69.
Write short notes on CAZRI and its origin.
70.
Write short notes on the Industrial Overview of Rajasthan?
71.
What is the Mandate of forest department of Rajasthan?
72.
Name the five districts of Rajasthan which have lowest and highest sex ratio of
0-6 Year child?
73. What are the salient features of Rajasthan Tourism Policy?
RPSC RAS/RTS Mains Exam 2018-19 Practice Question Answer
1. What do you know about
‘Jallianwala Bagh of Rajasthan’?
Answer:
Mangarh Dham (MANGARH HILL) is known as
Jallianwala Bagh of Rajasthan
In a barbaric tribal massacre that was
executed on November 17, 1913, nearly a century ago, 500 odd tribal martyrs
were killed by British Rulers, in Santrampur taluka of tribal dominated
Panchmahal district.
Govind Guru and Mangarh massacre have
become part of the memory of Bhils. Despite this, it was buried in remote areas
of Banswara-Panchmahal, situated on the border of Rajasthan and Gujarat, and
this historic tragedy could not have been more than a footnote in the history
of India’s freedom fight.
He awakened the Bhil community and
filled them with a sense of patriotism. The Bhils were so inspired that they
sacrificed their lives for freedom. Later, 1500 Gurubhakt Bhils sacrificed
their lives while fighting against the British army. It is therefore also known
as Jallianwala Bagh of Rajasthan.
2. Enumerate the steps taken by the
Indian government to implement financial inclusion in the country?
Answer: – Financial Inclusion
Financial inclusion simply means to ensure that
everyone gets the benefit of the financial services of the nation at an
affordable cost in spite of whatever background he belongs. It especially
focuses on including Underprivileged and vulnerable group of the society into
the economy and providing them with its benefit and thus further causing growth
of GDP (Gross Domestic Product) of the country through increase of customer
base of the financial institutes which will further results in high profits for
future and this cycle will keep going with increasing profits.
It enhances GDP growth by broadening the
resource base of the financial system by developing a culture of savings among
large segment of rural population bringing low-income groups within the
perimeter of formal banking sector thus plays its own role in the process of
economic development
India and Financial Inclusion
As far as India is concerned it has a long
history of putting efforts to have financial inclusion and to some extent, it
has been successful as compared to starting stages of building up of Indian
economy after independence but there are still many milestones yet to be
achieved in this process. And efforts of current government have enhanced
financial inclusion in the society to many folds but we still are in the
process figuring out to use this in favoring our economy and make everyone in
the reach of its benefit and for this, there are various government schemes
available.
Steps and Schemes followed by India for
Financial Inclusion
Swabhiman Campaign
Business correspondent Model
Under this model financial Institutes appoint
commission agents who provide financial Services at the doorstep of the public
at remote areas where they are unable to open branches which result in large
customer base at low cost. Therefore this model is also known as the cost-efficient
model.
Various steps taken in area of banking for
financial inclusion are:-
RBI’s Compulsory Requirement of Opening Branches
in Un-banked Villages, banks is directed to allocate at least 25% of the total
number of branches to be opened during the year in un-banked (Tier 5 and Tier
6) rural centers.
No Frill account- The
central bank had introduced ‘no-frills’ accounts in 2005 to provide basic
banking facilities to poor and promote financial inclusion. The accounts could
be maintained without or with very low minimum balance. These were later
converted into BSBDA
BSBDA- RBI advised all banks to open Basic
Saving Bank Deposit (BSBD) accounts with minimum common facilities such as no
minimum balance, deposit, and withdrawal of cash at bank branch and ATMs,
receipt/ credit of money through electronic payment channels, facility of
providing ATM card
JAN DHAN Account- These
are similar to BSBDA but with little more features as earlier bank were
reluctant to open BSBDA account. Banks also do not provide good service to
BSBDA account holder. They even denied service like the debit card. But after
JHAN DHAN Yojna this scenario has been completely changed
JHAN DHAN account holder
is compulsorily issued RUPAY debit card and many more services. It certainly
increased the financial inclusion and made bank account opening a cake walk
Account age should be at least 6 months
Account holder should visit ATM branches at
least once in 90 days
Income should be up to 1 lakh per year in rural
areas and up to 1.5 lakh year for urban areas
For Loans-
In order to control public to borrow from
Schedule banks to lend fix amount in priority sector at affordable rate of
interest along with certain government schemes such as – Pradhan Mantri
Mudra Yojna, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna etc.
For Insurance Sector–
Insurance sector also plays a major role in
financial inclusion of a country and thus government has various schemes in
this sector among which few most recent schemes are-
Pradhanmantri Fasal Bima Yojna: This
is a general insurance for crops and this scheme started from Feb 2016 by NDA
government and replaced the earlier scheme of UPA government named “National
Agricultural Insurance” with few more advantages such as low premium on
crop insurance, use of technology for weather forecasting (like smartphones,
drones, remote sensing satellites), Future generation of claim and post-harvest
benefits e.t.c
Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Yojna : It is
a life insurance scheme from age of 18-50 years (benefit until 55 years) at a
premium of Rs 330+(18%gst). It covers till 2 lakh Rs and is under LIC India on
behalf of the government of India. Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima yojna – started
on Jan 2015 for accidental insurance and covers up to Rs 2lakh in case of death
and Rs 1 lakh in case of physical disability at a premium of (Rs 12+GST) for
the age group of 18 to 70 years and is under HDFC life on behalf of government
of India
Recent steps still in progress
On Recommendation of Nachiket More committee
there are various measures are going on among which one is opening of two
special kinds of banks in India which are
Payment banks– These banks will
only accept deposit from public and will not lend loans, these payment banks
will provide payment services and deposit products to its target customers
which will be small businesses and low-income households. Till date 11 licenses
have been granted out of which four banks are functional which are – Paytm,
Airtel, Indian postal payment bank, Phinopayment?
Small finance banks– Small
finance banks are a type of niche banks in India. Banks with a small finance
bank license can provide basic banking service of acceptance of deposits and
lending.
3. Where is Kaila Devi temple located
in Rajasthan?
Answer: Kaila Devi Temple
is a Hindu temple situated in the Kaila Devi Village of Karauli district, in
the Indian state of Rajasthan. The temple is located on the banks of the Kalisil
River, a tributary of the Banas River in the hills of Aravali.
4. Differentiate between Acute and
Chronic diseases, with the help of some examples.
Answer: Acute conditions are severe and sudden
in onset. This could describe anything from a broken bone to an asthma attack.
A chronic condition, by contrast is a long-developing syndrome, such as
osteoporosis or asthma. An acute asthma attack occurs in the midst of the
chronic disease of asthma.
Examples of acute diseases include
appendicitis, acute leukemia, and strep throat. Some acute diseases do not
require hospitalization or medical treatments, such as influenza, whereas
others, such as pneumonia and acute myocardial infarction, may require medical
attention and extended treatment.
Examples of chronic illnesses include
diabetes, heart disease, arthritis, kidney disease, HIV/AIDS, lupus, and
multiple sclerosis. Many people with these illnesses become depressed. In fact,
depression is one of the most common complications of chronic illness.
5. Enumerate a few reasons that cause
phenomenon of ‘Forgetting’ in humans
Answer: This explanation
of forgetting in short term memory assumes that memories leave a trace in the
brain. A trace is some form of physical and/or chemical change in the nervous
system. Trace decay theory states that forgetting occurs as a result of the
automatic decay or fading of the memory trace.
There are three ways in which you can forget
information in the STM:
Decay: This occurs when
you do not ‘rehearse’ information, ie you don’t contemplate it.
Displacement:
Displacement is quite literally a form of forgetting when new memories replace
old ones.
Interference
6. Name a few schemes targeted for
poverty alleviation in India
Answer: The poverty alleviation programmes in
India can be categorized based on whether it is targeted for rural areas or
urban areas. Most of the programmes are designed to target rural poverty as
prevalence of poverty is high in rural areas. Also targeting poverty is
challenging in rural areas due to various geographic and infrastructure
limitations.
The programmes can be mainly grouped into:
1) Wage
employment programmes
2)
Self-employment programmes
3) Food
security programmes
4) Social
security programmes
5) Urban
poverty alleviation programmes.
The five year
plans immediately
after independence tried to focus on poverty alleviation through sectoral
programmes.
1 Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY)
2 National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS)
3 National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS)
4 National Maternity Benefit Scheme
5 Annapurna
6 Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP)
7 Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awaas Yojana
7. Identify and describe (in brief)
different types of sheep in the state of Rajasthan
Answer:Breeds of Sheep in Rajasthan
Jaisalmeri:
Found in Jaisalmer.
Naali: Found
in Hanumangarh, Churu and Bikaner & Jhunjhunu. …
Maalpuri:
Found in Jaipur, Dausa, Tonk, Karauli & Sawai madhopur.
Magra: Gives
approximately 2 Kg of Wool per year.
Pugal:
Originated from Pugal in Bikaner.
Chokla or
Shekhawati
Sonari or
Chanothar
8. Determine the respective
importance of generalists and specialists in the Indian Administration
Answer: A generalist species is able to thrive
in a wide variety of environmental conditions and can make use of a variety of
different resources (for example, a heterotrophy with a varied diet). A
specialist species can thrive only in a narrow range of environmental
conditions or has a limited diet.
It is not
necessarily true that you would prefer a specialist all the time. A specialist
is one who has mastered the skill of one particular trade while a generalist is
someone who has a fair knowledge of all trades but not an expert in any. In
other words a generalist is Jack.
9. What do you understand by the term
‘Ownership?
Answer: Ownership is the state or fact of exclusive
rights and control over property, which may be an object, land/real estate or
intellectual property. Ownership is self-propagating in that the owner of any
property will also own the economic benefits of that property.
10. Describe the salient features of
demography of Rajasthan in the latest census
Answer: As per details
from Census 2011, Rajasthan has population of 6.86 Crores, an increase from
figure of 5.65 Crore in 2001 census. Total population of Rajasthan as per 2011
census is 68,548,437 of which male and female are 35,550,997 and 32,997,440
respectively. In 2001, total population was 56,507,188 in which males were
29,420,011 while females were 27,087,177. The total population growth in this
decade was 21.31 percent while in previous decade it was 28.33 percent. The
population of Rajasthan forms 5.66 percent of India in 2011. In 2001, the
figure was 5.49 percent.
Recently as per Rajasthan census data, 93.22%
houses are owned while 5.36% were rented. In all, 66.73% couples in Rajasthan
lived in single family. In 2011, 68.02% of Uttar Pradesh population had access
to Banking and Non-Banking Finance Corporation. Only 1.80% of Uttar Pradesh
population had internet facility which is likely to improve in 2021 due to Jio.
4.66% of family in Uttar Pradesh owned car while 24.06% owned two wheeler. In
few months we will also get details of election data for Rajasthan.
11. Describe the status and potential
of non-conventional sources of energy in Rajasthan.
Answer: Rajasthan has become the leading state
in tapping wind energy and solar energy for power generation in the country.
According to the Government of Rajasthan, the estimated wind energy potential
in the state is estimated to be about 5400 MW. A total of 3065.55 MW wind power
capacity has been installed by December 2014.
Now, the
emphasis has shifted to tapping more of solar Energy for power production and
Rajasthan has signed MoUs with investors for setting up of a cumulative
generation capacity of 32000 MW in the solar sector recently.
“Rajasthan
shines on the solar map of India with 300-330 clear sunny days comparable to
deserts of California, Nevada, Colorado and Arizona. Within the state the
districts such as Barmer, Bikaner, Jaisalmer, and Jodhpur are the key regions
with best solar radiation. Rajasthan is endowed with two critical resources
that are essential to solar power production: high level of solar radiation
(6-7 kWh/ m2/ day) and large tracts of relatively flat, undeveloped land,”
informs the website of resurgent Rajasthan.
Currently
development of Solar-park at Jodhpur is in progress to create 2000 MW Solar
Power Plant and Rajasthan has taken the lead ahead of all other states in this
sector too. With regard to solar energy production, it is said that the world’s
largest 4,000 MW solar project would be built in two phases in Sambhar block of
Jaipur.
The first
phase will be of 1000 MW and most likely will be commissioned by the end of
2016. Rajasthan is one of India’s most solar-developed states, it is said. As
we know that solar energy is the most important non-conventional source of
energy because it is non-polluting and helpful in lessening the greenhouse
effect.
Rajasthan has
decided for promoting generation of electricity from biomass also and is
encouraging investments in the sector. The main source for biomass energy in
the State of Rajasthan is mustard husk and Julie flora.
This Book is useful for RAS Mains Exam. Practice Solved Question/Descriptive – Geography of Rajasthan These Mock Solved Question Answer prepared as per last couple of years RAS Mains analysis. We have covered almost all trending topics/static topics of geography of Rajasthan. Answer Style is in 20/50/100/200 words.
The rivers of
Rajasthan can be divided into three main types based on their drainage pattern;
they are rivers that drain into Arabian Sea, rivers that drain into Bay of
Bengal and rivers with inland drainage. The most characteristic feature of the
drainage system of Rajasthan is that nearly 60.2% of the area of the state has
an inland drainage system.
The Aravalli range
forms the main watershed for Rajasthan, dividing the drainage into the Arabian
Sea and the Bay of Bengal. The Luni river system that rises from the western
slopes of the Aravalli Range (near Ajmer) flows through the semi-arid
transitional plains into the Rann of Kutch and Arabian Sea, while the Banas and
other streams, rising from the eastern slopes of the Aravallis, join the
Chambal. The Chambal, then flows into the Yamuna-Ganga river system which
drains into the Bay of Bengal. The main watercourses like the Sabarmati, Banas,
etc. and the tributaries of the Luni, are more or less parallel to the Aravalli
Range.
Additionally, Rivers of Rajasthan are mostly seasonal with only two river basins (Chambal and Mahi) being perennial.
River
Basins of Rajasthan
Ancient
Rivers of Rajasthan: Saraswati & Drishadwati Rivers
Chambal
River
Tributaries:
• Parbati
• Kali Sindh
• Mej (ST: Mangli)
• Alnia
• Sep
• Banas
• Gambhir or Utangan
• Brahmani
• Gunjali
Banas
River
Tributaries:-
• Berach
• Kothari
• Khari
• Dai
• Mashi
• Sohadra
• Morel
• Kalisil
• Dheel
Banganga
River
Tributaries:
• Suri
• Sanwan
• Palasan
Luni
River
Tributaries:
Bandi
River
Sukri
River
Jawai
River
Khari
River
Sabarmati
River
Tributaries:
• Sei
• Wakal
• Harnav
• Hathmati
• Watrak
Mahi
River
Tributaries:
Som (ST:
Gomti, Jakham)
Anas
Panam
Other
Important Rivers of Rajasthan
Saraswati River
Dravyavati River
West Banas River
Rivers of Inland Drainage
Gambhir or Utangan River
Lakes in
Rajasthan
Rajasthan is the most arid state of India with average yearly rainfall less that 100 cm. However, Rajasthan has large number lakes mostly artificial as well as historical, signifying a tradition of conserving natural resources and respecting nature. The lakes in Rajasthan can divided into types Saline and Fresh water lakes.
Types of
Lakes in Rajasthan:
Saline (Salt) Water lakes
This are considered as remains of Tethys
Sea.
Deedwana, Lunkaransar, Sambhar,
Pachpadra etc.
Fresh (Sweet) Water lakes
They have either
developed naturally or artificially and get replenished by rainwater.
Pichhola,
Rajsamand, Rajsamand, Ana Sagar etc.
A. Saline (Salt) Water lakes in Rajasthan
Sambhar
Lake – Sambhar
Location:
Phulera, Jaipur
Built by: As per mythology, Scambhari Devi,
Highlights:
Ramsar
Wetland
Largest
in-land salt-lake in India
Touches
border of Jaipur, Ajmer and Nagaur.
Rivers
mantha, Rupnagar, khari, Khandela drain their water into this lake.
The lake
produces 8.7% of Salt produced in India.
Lake Is managed by Sambhar Salts Limited, a
joint venture of Hindustan Salts and the Government of Rajasthan
Pachpadra
Lake: Pachpadra
Location:
Barmer
Built
by: Natural
Highlights: Its
sodium chloride level is marked at 98%
Lunkaransar
Lake: Lunkaransar
Location: Bikaner
Built by: Natural
Highlights: It is a playa lake formed due to
deflation.
Deedwana
Lake: Deedwana
Location:
Nagaur
Built
by: Natural
Highlights: Salt produced is non-edible
grade because of high fluoride.
Tal
Chappar: black-buck
Location: Churu
Highlights: Tal Chhapar Wild Life Sanctuary
Other Salt lakes:
Nagaur District: Degana, Kuchaman
Jodhpur:
Falaudi
Sikar:
Rewasa
Jaisalmer:
Kavod
B. Fresh Water lakes in Rajasthan
Ana Sagar Lake,
Ajmer: AnasagarAnasagar Lake is a scenic artificial lake, commissioned and
built by Arno raj Chauhan, son of Ajapala Chauhan, between 1135 and 1150 AD.
Arno raj was also known as Anaji, which gives the lake its name. Many years
later, Mughal Emperor Jahangir added his touch to the lake by laying out the
Daulat Bagh Gardens near the lake. Emperor Shah Jahan too, contributed to the
expansion by building five pavilions, known as the Baradari, between the garden
and the lake.
Lake Foy
Sagar, Ajmer: Lake-foy
A beautiful
artificial lake that appears flat, Lake Foy Sagar was built by an English
engineer, Mr. Foy in 1892 AD. Interestingly, this work was taken up to provide
famine relief through wage employment to locals. Lake Foy Sagar offers a
beautiful view of the Aravalli range.
Pushkar Lake,
Pushkar, Ajmer
Pushkar according
to Hindu scriptures, the sacred Pushkar Lake is described as ‘Tirtha Raj’, the
king of all pilgrimage sites. No pilgrimage is considered to be complete
without a dip in the holy Pushkar Lake. Semi-circular in shape and about 8-10
metres deep, Pushkar Lake is surrounded by 52 bathing ghats and over 400
temples and is truly a magnificent sight to behold.
Siliserh
Lake, Alwar
The water palace of
Siliserh with a lake surrounded by low wooded hills is on route to Sariska. It
lies 12 Kms. Southwest of Alwar. The tranquil lake is nestled in the hills; the
sparkling ripples of the lake cover an area of about sq. Kms, surrounded by
thick forest and magnificent cenotaphs on its embankment. A royal hunting lodge
/palace were built by Maharaja Vinay Singh for his Queen Shila in 1845. It has
been converted into a tourist bungalow and is an attractive sot for a peaceful
holiday.
Anand
Sagar Lake, Banswara
This artificial
lake, also known as Bai Talab was constructed by Lanchi Bai, the Rani of
Maharaval Jagmal Singh. Located in the eastern part of Banswara, it is
surrounded by holy trees known as ‘Kalpa Vriksha’ famous for fulfilling the
wishes of visitors. The Chattris or cenotaphs of the rulers of the state are
also scattered nearby.
Dailab
Lake, Banswara
On the banks of
this beautiful lake stands the summer residence of the former rulers. A major
part of the lake itself is covered with lotus flowers.
Jait
Sagar Lake, Bundi
Located close to
the Taragarh Fort, this picturesque lake is surrounded by hills and covered
with pretty lotus flowers that bloom during winter and monsoon.
Kanak
Sagar Lake, Bundi
About 67 kilometers
from the town of Bundi lies this wonderful flat lake. There is also a town
named after the lake. One can spot several migratory birds here such as bar
headed goose and Demoille cranes all through the year.
Nawal
Sagar Lake, Bundi
Nawal Sagar Lake is
an artificial lake that is a major tourist attraction and can even be seen from
the Taragarh Fort. There is a half-submerged temple dedicated to Lord Varun Dev
in its centre. What makes the lake unique is that one can see the reflection of
nearby palaces and forts in its waters.
Gaib
Sagar Lake, Dungarpur
The lake is famous
for the shrine of Shrinathji that rests on its banks. The shrine complex
contains numerous exquisitely carved temples and one core temple, the Vijay
Rajrajeshwar Temple. This temple of Lord Shiva displays the skilled
craftsmanship of the famed sculptors or ‘shilpkars’ of Dungarpur.
Gadsisar
Lake, Jaisalmer
Gadsisar Lake was
constructed in the 14th century by Maharaval Gadsi Singh to meet the water
needs of his arid lands. Considering its importance, many small temples and
shrines were constructed around it, transforming it into a pilgrimage centre
and a tourist attraction.
Balsamand
Lake, Jodhpur
Balsamand Lake is
about 5 kilometers from Jodhpur on the Jodhpur-Mandore Road. Built in 1159 AD,
it was planned as a water reservoir to cater to Mandore. The Balsamand Lake
Palace was built on its shore later as a summer palace. It is surrounded by
lush green gardens that house groves of trees such as mango, papaya,
pomegranate, guava and plum. Animals and birds like the jackal and peacock also
call this place home.
Kailana
Lake, Jodhpur
Situated on Jaisalmer
road, this small artificial lake is an ideal picnic spot. It is like a canvas
with a splash of romantic colours. The beauty of the lake stays with you long
after you’ve experienced it.
Kishore
Sagar Lake, Kota
Kishore Sagar Lake
is one of the lakes in Kota which was built in 1346 by the prince of Bundi
named Dher Deh. The Jagmandir Palace was built by one of the queens of Kota
between 1743 and 1745, and is situated in the middle of the Kishore Sagar Lake.
Rajsamand
Lake, Rajsamand
Maharana Raj Singh an
able administrator of the fifth generation of Maharana Pratap constructed
Rajsamand Lake in 1662 AD, which is a beautiful example of sculpture and public
utility works. The banks known as “Nouchoki” consist of 25 carved stone ‘RAJ
PRASHASHTI’ the longest stone inscription in Sanskrit in the world. The stairs,
footrest, artistic gates and ‘Mandaps’ are made of beautiful carved marble and
the sculpture imparts a new look every time. The whole construction is based on
the number 9 which is considered to be the absolute number in Hindu philosophy
& mythology. It took 14 years for completion and cost more than 12.5
million rupees at that time. Rajsamand District is a district of the state of
Rajasthan in western India
Doodh
Talai, Udaipur
The road that takes
visitors to Pichhola Lake has another popular destination – the Doodh Talai
Lake. The lake is nestled between several small hillocks which themselves are
tourist attractions. The Deen Dayal Upadhyay Park and the Manikya Lal Verma
Garden are part of the Doodh Talai Lake Garden.
Fateh
Sagar Lake, Udaipur
This delightful
lake, bordered by hills and woodlands, lies to the north of Lake Pichhola. This
artificial lake is connected to Lake Pichhola by a canal. The lake houses the
beautiful Nehru Island as well as an islet on which stands the Udaipur Solar
Observatory. It was inaugurated by the Duke of Connaught and was initially
called Connaught Bundh.
Jaisamand
Lake, Udaipur
Jaisamand Lake is
known for being the second largest man-made sweet water lake in Asia. It is
popular among the locals as a weekend picnic destination. Locals say that the
lake was constructed to halt the waters of Ruparel River. This lake boasts of a
large island, which is home to various species of birds, at its centre.
Pichhola
Lake, Udaipur
Pichhola was the
name of a village that was submerged and lent its name to the lake when it was
expanded. The islands of Jag Niwas and Jag Mandir as housed in this lake. Along
the eastern banks of the lake lies the City Palace. A boat ride in the lake
around sunset offers a breathtaking view of the Lake and City Palaces.
Udai
Sagar Lake, Udaipur
Udai Sagar Lake is
one of the five striking lakes situated in Udaipur. Located about 13 kilometers
to the east of Udaipur, the construction of this lake was started in 1559 by
Maharana Udai Singh. The lake is actually a result of a dam being built on the
river Berach to supply adequate water to the Maharana’s kingdom. Udai Sagar
Lake is 4 kms in length, 2.5 kilometers in width and about 9 meters at its
deepest.
Though the state of Rajasthan has not
had a major earthquake in recent years, small to moderate earthquake have been
felt in the state.
Several faults have been identified in
this region out of which many show evidence of movement during the Holocene
epoch.
The Cambay Graben terminates in the
south-western part of the state. The Konoi Fault near Jaisalmer trends in a
north-south direction and was associated with the 1991 Jaisalmer earthquake.
Several active faults criss-cross the Aravalli range and lie parallel to each
other.
The most prominent of them is the
north-south trending Sardar Shahr Fault and the Great Boundary Fault which runs
along the Chambal River and then continues in the same direction into Uttar
Pradesh.
However, it must be stated that
proximity to faults does not necessarily translate into a higher hazard as
compared to areas located further away, as damage from earthquakes depends on
numerous factors such as subsurface geology as well as adherence to the
building codes.
According to GSHAP
data, the state of Rajasthan falls in a region of moderate to high seismic
hazard. As per the 2002 Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) map, Rajasthan falls
in Zones II, III & IV. Historically, parts of this state have experienced
seismic activity in the M 5.0 range.
Largest
Instrumented Earthquake in Rajasthan
15 August 1906 – Thar Desert, Rajasthan,
Mw 6.2
This event was located along the
India-Pakistan border, in the vicinity of Janpalia, Rajasthan which is located
north-northwest of Bakhasar.
Seismic
Faults in Rajasthan
Several faults have been identified in Rajasthan,
out of which many show evidence of movement during the Holocene epoch.
The Cambay Graben terminates in the
south-western part of the state.
The Konoi Fault near Jaisalmer trends in
a north-south direction and was associated with the 1991 Jaisalmer earthquake.
Several active faults criss-cross the
Aravalli range and lie parallel to each other.
The most prominent of them is the
north-south trending Sardar Shahar Fault and the Great Boundary Fault which
runs along the Chambal River and then continues in the same direction into
Uttar Pradesh.
Rajasthan is divided into 4 physical divisions which have further sub-division.
Plains of Western Desert
It is a special geographical region which is also called ‘The Great Indian Desert’ or Thar Desert.
It covers the districts like Barmer,Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Jodhpur, Pali, Jalore, Nagaur, Sikar, Churu, Jhunjhunu, Hanumangarh and Ganganagar.
It is further divided into 4 subcategories.
Sandy Arid Region
a) This is a dry region having annual rainfall less than 25 centimeters.
b) Barmer, Bikaner and western part of Jodhpur and Churu are included in this region.
c) Sand Dunes are mostly found in this region.
Luni-Jawai Basin
a. It is a semi arid plain.
b. Luni and its tributaries rivers flow in this region.
c. Pali, Jalore, Jodhpur and Nagaur are included in this region.
d. It is a river-based plain; hence it is called Luni Basin.
Shekhawati Region
It is also called ‘Banger Region’.
Jhunjhunu, Sikar and Churu and Northern part of Nagaur are included in it.
This is a sandy region having sand dunes of less height.
Here the sand dunes are of the transverse type.
Plain of Ghaghar
Plains of Ganganagar and Hanumangarh are formed by the flow of Ghaggar River.
Presently, this river is considered dead
because it doesn’t have a flowing way.
Ghaggar River is the ancient river Saraswati which is disappeared.
Thus it became a plain suitable for agriculture.
Aravalli Range
It is the oldest mountain range in the world.
It has a length of 692 km from Delhi to Palanpur in Gujarat.
It is expanded in seven districts of Rajasthan: – Sirohi, Udaipur, Rajsamand, Ajmer, Jaipur, Dausa and Alwar.
It is divided into three subcategories
Southern Aravalli Range
Central Aravalli Range
Northern Aravalli Range
Eastern Plain
This region is in the east side of Aravalli region which includes districts like Bharatpur, Alwar, Dholpur,Karauli, Sawai Madhopur, Jaipur, Dausa, Tonk and Bhilwara.
This region is the River Basin region which is formed by the collection of soil by rivers.
This region has three sub-regions.
Banas-Banganga Basin
This plain is formed by Banas River and its tributaries like Banganga, Bedach, Kothari, Den, Sohadra, Manasi, Dhundha,Bandi, Morel, Vaagan, Gambhir, etc.
This plain has the height between 150 to 300 metres above the sea level and its slope is towards east.
Chambal Basin
This region includes districts likeKota, Sawai Madhopur, Karauli and Dholpur.
Ravines (Bihad) of Chambal are located in Sawai Madhopur, Karauli and Dhaulpur.
Central Mahi Basin or Chappan Plain
It is expanded in the district of Dungarpur, Banswara and Pratapgarh.
Mahi River began its journey from Madhya Pradesh and flowing through Rajasthan and Gujrat falls in the Arabian Sea.
In Rajasthan, it flows through ‘Bagad’(Local name for Laciniated land) region.
In between Pratapgarh and Banswara, a group of 56 villages is located, thus it is also called Chappan Plain.
South-Eastern Plateau Region or Hadoti Region
It is expanded in the districts like Kota,
Bundi, Jhalawar and Baran.
This region has many mountains ranges having the average height of 500 meters.
Mukundra Hills and Bundi Hills are famous
spots.
Chambal and its tributaries like Kalisindh,Para van and Parvati flow in this region which is boon for agriculture in this region.
River System and Lakes of Rajasthan
Chambal and Mahi are the perennial rivers of Rajasthan.
River drainage system of Rajasthan is decided by Aravalli Range which works as the divides the rivers of Rajasthan in two parts.
