- Hindi Literature of Rajasthan
The National movement gave new life to literature in Rajasthan and large number of poets and writers expressed fury of people against British rule. The poets also reprimanded Rajput rulers of their suicidal policies.
- Important writers of this period included Surya Mal Mishran, Girvardhan, Bhopaldan and Keshri Sibh Barhat.
Important Literary traditions of Rajasthani Language: Rajasthani Jaina Literature
- Hemachandra Suri – Deshinaammala, Shabdanushasana
- Hrishivardhan Suri – Nal Damyanti Raas
- Hemratna Suri – Gora Badal ri Chaupayi
Rajasthani Charan Literature
Charan poetry is available in the form of stray verses quoted in the Apabhramsa ‘Grammar’ of Hemachandra and the Jain ‘Prabhandhas’. They are mostly in the Western Apabhramsa but some are akin to the then developing Rajasthani with a touch of Apabhramsa. Such verses deal with laudatory, historical and heroic deeds, amorous feelings and objective descriptions, moral and religious topics. They are the utterances of known or unknown Charans or Bhats. Names of some Charans are Phuman, Ramchandra, Gagil and Hatti Pravist.
The characters of the Charan poems include a blending of the erotic and the pathetic with the heroic emotions. Subtle touches of Srinagar have often been given in some poems. In these poems heroic emotions were expressed and statements of tradition made in abundance by poets of this style. Lions, boars, elephants, bullocks, Aquila’s and cobras were used respectively as symbols of firmness, gigantism, hardiness, vigour, swift movement and assault and wrath.
Sridhar Vyas is the earliest Charan poet of significance of this period who has contributed to both the major types of Charan poetry namely; the historical, heroic and the mythological and religious. His poems are Ranmall Chand, Saptashati ra Chand and Kavitt Bhagwat. Ranmali Chand is a historical poem. It depicts heroic characters and describes the battle which Rav Ranmali Rathore of Idar fought against Zafarkhan, the Governor of Gujarat, when the latter invaded Idar in 1398. The poem was composed in 1400.
It’s alliterative and tinnitus diction and vivid description of battle makes it a poem of distinction. Some Persian and Arabic words have also been used. In fact, the use of such words in describing battles and in dialogues with the Mohammedans is a common tendency of Charan poetry.
The Saptashati is a heroic poem based on the Durga-Sapt-sati which is part of the Markandey Puran and, as such, there is no originality in the subject matter. But from the point of view of antiquity, language, style and tradition, it is an important work. The poet is more interested in descriptions of all sorts than in the story which is feebly linked. This characteristic and the penchant for Sanskrit diction are also noticeable in a later poem Veli Krisan-Rukmaniri by Prthviraj Rathore. Sapt-sati’s language and metre-scheme are similar to that of Ranmall Chand.
Kavitt Bhagwat is based on the 10th Skandh of the Bhagwat Puran. These poems are the earliest specimens of mythological poems of the Charan style. In the characterization of Charan poems, depth and loftiness of sentiments prevail. Literary embellishment is not so significant. Actions of the Rajputs are motivated by their love for freedom, honour and dignity. Some of the Charan poems bear a mythological style and have discussed several mythological events in its vivid description.
The Vachanika is a milestone in the Charan poetry. The creation of the work and the occurrence it depicts were almost contemporary. As far as the mythological and religious poetry in the Charan style is concerned, Sridhar Vyas’s two creations are the only ones available in the Early Period.
- Charan literature:
- Badar Dhaadhi – wrote Veer Bhayan
- Chandbardai – wrote Prithviraj Raso
- Nainsi wrote – Nainsi ri khyaat
- Bankidas – Bankidas ri khyaat
- Dayaldas – Dayaldas ri Khyat
- Achaldas Khichi ri Vachanika by Gadan Shivdas
- Prithviraj Rathore (Bikaner) wrote Valley Krishan Rukmani ri
- Surajmal Misrana (1815-68) – Vansh Bhaskar, Vir Satsai, Balwant Vilas and Chhandomayush.
Rajasthani Saint Literature:
- Meera ki Padavali
- Daddu ki Vaani
- Narsingh ji ro maero
- Ram Charan ji ki Vaani
Rajasthani Folk Literature:
- Shahpura in Bhilwara is famous for this folk literature.
- It is happening from life of Lok Devta like Pabuji, Dev Narayan ji, Ramdev ji etc are depicted in Faad.
- Padam Shri Lal Joshi ji from Bhilwara – gave international recognition to Faad literature.
| Author | Work |
| Asig | Jiyadarya Raas |
| Atyudhan Mahariya | Veer Satsai |
| Badar Dhaadhi | Veer Bhayan |
| Bankidas Ashiya | Bankidas Ri Khyaat |
| Baraith Isardas | Halan Jhalan ra Kundaliya |
| Bhandari Vyas | Hammirayan |
| Bithu Meha | Pabuji Ra Chand, Gogaji Rasavla |
| Chand Bardai | Prthviraj Raso |
| Chandra Singh | Kah-Mukrani |
| Dalpat Vijay | Khuman Raso |
| Dayal (Dayaram) | Rana raso |
| Dayaldas Sidayach | Dayaldas Ri Khyaat |
| Dungar See | Shatrusaal Raso |
| Gardan Shivdas | Achaldas Keechi Ri Vachanika |
| Hari Bhadra Suri | Samaraichcha Katha |
| Hemachandra Suri | Deshinaammala, Shabnushasana |
| Hemraj | Stulibhadra Phag |
| Hemratna Suri | Gora Badal ri Chaupayi |
| Hrishivardhan Suri | Nal Damyanti Raas |
| Jagjivan Bhatt | Ajitoday |
| Jai Singh Suri | Hammir Mad-mardana |
| Jaisom | Karmachand Vanshokeertana kam Kavyam |
| Jaswant Singh | Bhasha Bushan |
| Jayanak | Prthviraj Vijayam |
| Jinprabha Suri | Padmavati Chaupai |
| Jodharaj Sarangdeva | Hammir Raso, Hammir Kavya |
| Kanhaiyalal Sethia | Leeltans, Patal aur Peethal, Dharti Dhora Ri |
| Karanidaan | Suraj Prakash |
| Kesari Singh Barhat | Roothi Rani |
| Kripa Ram Barath | Rajia Ka Doha |
| Madhodas | Ram Raso |
| Magha | Shishupal Vadh |
| Maharana Khumbha | Sangeet Raj |
| Mahesdas | Binhai Raso |
| Malik Mohammad Jaisi | Padmavat |
| Mandan | Raj Vallabh |
| Meera | Padavali |
| Muhnot Nainsi | Muhnot Nainsi Ri Khyat , Marwar Ra Pargana Ri Vigat |
| Muraridan | Dingle Kosh |
| Murlidhar Vyas | Rajasthani kahawatein |
| Nagaridaas | Varagya Sagar |
| Nall Singh | Vijaypal Raso |
| Narpati Nalha | Bisaldev Raso |
| Nayan Chand Suri | Hammir Mahakavya |
| Padmanabh | Kanhad-de-Prabandh |
| Prithvi Raj Rathore | Ganga Lahari |
| Pt. Ramana Asopa | Marwari Grammar, Nainsi ki Khyati |
| Pundareek Vitthal | Raag Manjari, Ragmala |
| Rajshekhar | Prabandh Kosh |
| Ramnath Kaviya | Draupadi Vinaya, Pabuji ra Soratha |
| Rana Kumbha | Sangitraj, Ekling Mahamtyq, Nritya Ratnakosh |
| Ranachorr Bhatt | Amarkavya Vanshavali |
| Sadashiv | Raj Vinod |
| Sanwar Daiya | Ek Duniya Mahari |
| Sawai Singh Dhamora | Peru Prakash, Gandi Katha |
| Shailendra Suri | Panch Pandav Charit Rasu |
| Shalibhadra Suri | Bharateshwar Bahubali raas |
| Shreedhar | Pashavnath Charitra |
| Shridhan | Ranmall Chanda |
| Siddha Rishi | Upmiti Bharva Prancha Katha |
| Sitaram Lalas | Rajasthani Shabdakosh |
| Somdeva | Lahit Vigrah Raj |
| Sudan | Sujan Charitra |
| Suja ji | Rao Jaitasi Ro Chand |
| Suryamal Mishran | Vansh Bhaskar, Sati Raso, Veer Satsai |
| Swarup Das | Pandava Yashendu Chandrika |
| Udhyotan Suri | Kuvlyayamala |
| Udhyotan Suri | Kuvalaya Mala |
| Vajrasen Suri | Bharteshwar Bahubali Ghor |
| Veerbhan | Raj Rupak |
| Vigrah Raj Chauhan IV | Harkaili |
| Vijay Sen Suri | Revantgiri Raas |
| Vijaydan Detha | Batan Ri Phulwari |
| Vijhana | Gyan Manjari |
| Vitthaldas | Rukmani Haran |